Leadership - 756 Words

TEAM LEADERSHIP MODEL 2 The firm at Hernandez and Associates are faced with a challenge to adapt to changes within their organization. The problems exist in implementing new responsibilities and expanding based on the individual client’s needs. Marco Hernandez, as a leader is faced with the responsibility to implement this change. The leader’s main job is to determine the team’s needs and take care of them (Hughes, Ginnett, Curphy, 2012). Team effectiveness is the underlying driver for a successful organization. By identifying certain process problems in teams, leaders can use the Team Leadership Model to diagnose appropriate leverage points for action. Suggestion of the TLM allows leaders to focus effort†¦show more content†¦would be desirable and plus to implement reasonable measures of team effectiveness that can be applied across teams and tasks in order to ensure the outputs of team meets its standards of quality, and timeliness of the people who will use it. Mr. Hernandez can enhance the group experience even further with his current team, by developing growth and personal well-being of the individuals. This can lead better results and consistent innovative progress. The leader can directly influence other inputs to create conditions for effective teamwork (Hughes, Ginnett, Curphy, 2012). The leaders job is to create the conditions for the team to be effective. By designing or redesigning input stage variables at the individual, organizational, and team design levels. The support of the team depends on gathering resources and providing recognition. By evaluating the environment through performance indicators and determining its impact on the organization. The key to success is sharing information with the team. By modeling a range of authority behaviors in the early stages effective leaders have laid the groundwork for continuing expectations (Hughes, Ginnett, Curphy, 2012) The goals for the team in relationship to outputs need to focus on meeting the expectation and satisfaction of their clients. Mr. Hernandez needs to establish methods to make the team even more effective than it already is. It is desirable for the leader to assess the teams’ workShow MoreRelatedThe Leadership Of Leadership And Leadership842 Words   |  4 Pagesideals of leadership, I met with two respected and admired school leaders: the Assistant Principal/Dean of Curriculum, and the Athletic Director. I chose these two school leaders because I wanted to gain an understanding of leadership from two diverse perspectives. I am thankful for the opportunity to hear from two different types of leaders, who ultimately share a lot of the same visions for my school and for leadership in general. While both subjects shared a similar definition of leadership, theirRead MoreLeadership And Leadership Of Leadership1711 Words   |  7 Pages7. Facilitative Leadership Facilitative leadership is dependent on quantities and outcomes – not a skill, though it takes much skill to master. The efficiency of a group is directly related to the effectiveness of its process. If the group is high operational, the facilitative leader uses a light hand on the procedure. 8. Laissez-faire Leadership Laissez-faire leadership gives expert to workers. According to AZ central, sections or subordinates are acceptable to work as they choose with nominal.Read MoreLeadership : Leadership And Leadership1605 Words   |  7 PagesLeadership Examined There have been many great leaders down through history. Leaders that have influenced change throughout many aspects of society. Great leaders have great influence. The effectiveness of a leader is determined by his leadership style. With so many styles to choose from, and the fact that not one style fits all situations, becoming an effective leader is a challenging task. One reflective note is that it is important to cultivate good leadership skills. One must evaluate personalRead MoreLeadership : Leadership And Leadership1225 Words   |  5 Pages with their team. Leadership is â€Å"the behavior of an individual . . . directing the activities of a group toward a shared goal† (Hemphill Coons, (1957). p. 7). †¢ Leadership is â€Å"the influential increment over and above mechanical compliance with the routine directives of the organization† (Katz Kahn, (1978). p. 528). †¢ Leadership is â€Å"the process of influencing the activities of an organized group toward goal achievement† (Rauch Behling, (1984). p. 46). †¢ â€Å"Leadership is about articulatingRead MoreLeadership : Leadership And Leadership1476 Words   |  6 PagesLeadership Effectiveness There are many different approaches to leadership, which can be dependent upon the task at hand. Some leaders are authoritative, making all the decisions for group members and allowing no space for error or input. There are those who may opt to take the President Obama approach with a more democratic leadership role, inviting the ideas of others and encouraging open communication and staff participation. Then there are the servant leaders whom are largely respected and followedRead MoreLeadership And Leadership Theory Of Leadership1341 Words   |  6 PagesLeadership Application Jesus Cabral Brandman University The author of this paper has been in various leadership positions for over 20 years. Some positions held by the author have been team leader, Operations Manager, General Manager, and Director of Operations. The author has lead teams with various degrees of education and from many cultures. The leadership theories studied during OLCU 400 will assist this leader though experienced to become much more effective and focus on thoseRead MoreLeadership, Leadership And Leadership Development915 Words   |  4 Pagestake a leadership role in any activity. They are more valued by followers and have higher performing teams. (Cherry 2014) However, leaders are the ones that use their leadership skills to make a difference in this world, such as presidents, teachers, or even college graduates. Leadership is not something you can learn from a book, but you have to gain this skill through experiences such as holding an office, organizing an event, speaking in front of people, or participating in a leadership programRead MoreLeadership Theories Of Leadership And Leadership Essay771 Words   |  4 PagesLeadership is important because it helps followers reach a common goal. There have been several studies based on effective leadership. The definition of leadership has evolved over the years adapting to the different views of the world. Leaders have influence on their followers they are looked up to. Being a leader means there will be interaction with different behaviors and personalities. Effective leaders sometimes have to adjust their style approach by the situation they are in. Every followersRead MoreTransformational Leadership : Leadership And Leadership887 Words   |  4 PagesThe idea of leadership has transformed throughout the years to encompass varying aspects of leadership approaches, leadership types and the like. According to Summerfield (2014), C. F. Rauch and O. Behling, quote leadership as: Leadership is the process of influencing the activities of an organized group toward goal achievement. Given its broad definition, leadership is understood to have different meanings when applied to diverse situations. For example, there are different types of approaches toRead MoreOrganizational Leadership : Leadership And Leadership1568 Words   |  7 PagesConceptualizing Leadership Leadership is different in the eyes of each and every individual. What one person considers great leadership may be viewed by another as too demanding. Ultimately, time, place, situation, and people involved are considered some of the view variables for which type of leadership will be most effective. Through taking the Gallup Strengths Finder survey, I have been able to cement some of my top strengths and see how they come into play in my daily life. Learning about strengths

Mexican Icons and Heores - 970 Words

The subject of the website entitled The Films of El Santo is El Santo. Numerous years after his death, El Santo is still an icon of Mexican popular culture. Even though the comic book that originally facilitated him to gain an enormous celebrity status is long gone, his films are still available on tape, DVD, and on the internet. El Santo was born Rodolfo Guzman Huerta in 1917. Huerta would go on to be the most celebrated wrestler in lucha libre. Santo is featured in 54 films, and in these B grade movies, Santo would be called upon to dispatch such supernatural threats as Dracula and Frankenstein. The websites purpose is to illustrate how the films of El Santo were influenced by the growth and stability and after 1950. El Santo and his wrestling assisted rural migrants to urban Mexico City by showing them how to handle modernization and gave Mexicans a representation of the ideal modern, Mexican man. El Santo is presented as a character that the audience never sees in his films witho ut his silver colored mask. Whats more, in several films, El Santo is even see sleeping in it. He is super in the eyes of his Mexican audience but apart from the qualities of a victor wrestler, he has no scientific or supernatural powers. For his audience, he is the same figure whether in the bizarre world of the films or in the wrestling ring—a character who lives in dual worlds, and never without his silver mask. Nonetheless, the wrestling abilities he brings to the films permits him to

Law of Tata Showroom Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Contract Law of Tata Showroom. Answer: Issue According to the case study Tata showroom husband arises whether Isabella can take any legal action against her sister for not providing the appropriate service according to their contract and able to claim the compensation for the reach of the contract? Rules The postal rule is one of the important terms under the contract law. According o the terms of the contract the postal rule also consist of equal terms which includes the offer and acceptance, consideration, capacity, intention and certainty which must formed between two or more than two parties. The basic medium of the postal rule is the contract should form through email or phone or letter. It must have a legal intention to create a valid contract under the specific mutual terms. Adam v Lindsell [1818] is one of the historical cases of postal rule under thecontract law where the terms of the contract has been applied for the first time by the federal government. The court has identified the issues where they found the facts that a contract has been introduced between two parties through a mail. The both of the parties has been found to follow all the elements of contract which consists of the offer and acceptance, consideration, capacity, intention and certainty. However later the plaintiff has filled a case against the defendant for breach the terms of the contract and applies for the compensation for the loss he has suffered. Tallerman Co Pty Ltd v Nathan's Merchandise (1957) is another famous case where the fact has been found that a contract has been formed according to the terms of postal rule. However, the court has added the statement where it has found that the contract has failed to satisfy the terms of contract for not accept the offer. In the case of Brinkibon v Stahag Stahl und Stahlwarenhandelsgessellschaft mbH House of Lords [1983] the contract has failed to satisfy the terms of postal rules and it breached the contract by the defendant. Bressan v Squires Supreme Court of New South Wales [1974] is another case which significance the terms of the postal rule under the contractlaw where contract has been placed through an email between the parties but it again failed satisfies the terms. The Entores Ltd v Miles Far East Corpn (1955) and Holwell securities Ltd v Hughes (1974) other two case of postal rules where the contract has been formed according to the terms of postal rule which includes the offer and acceptance, consideration, capacity, intention and certainty. Application According to the fact of case Isabella loves to collect film and television memorabilia and she planned for a holiday in United Kingdom, Italy, London and Rome. Therefore she contact with UberTour Pty Ltd which is a travel agency and runs by her sister Siena. Siena has sent her an email about the details of the tour, charges and to contact in between a particular time with the acknowledgement. Isabella sent a reply to her sister Siena on the next day within the time which has mentioned in the previous mail. However due to negligence of Siena for not paying the overdue account of email service, the service provider as disconnect the connection which caused that she did not get the mail within the time. Therefore Isabellas trip has been canceled. Now according to the terms of the postal rule the contract has been formed though an email between Isabella and Siena. It also satisfied the terms of the contract which includes the offer and acceptance, consideration, capacity, intention and certainty. Therefore a valid contract has been formed when Siena sent the email to Isabella with the offer of the tour packages and the next day when Isabella replied to her within the time with the acceptance of the offer. An offer and acceptance has found, they have mutual consideration, both of them have an intention to create a legal contract, both of them are sound mind along with their capacity and certainty where there is a particular of time period. Therefore a valid contract has been formed between Isabella and Siena. According to the terms of the postal rule the effectiveness of the contract has applicable when the acceptance has been communicated through a mode of communication. Therefore it is defining the basic rule of the agreement for the communication of acceptance is received. When a letter has been post therefore an offer has been given and reply to the letter to the offer make the acceptance of the offers Conclusion Therefore according to the cases study, Siena has breached the terms of the postal rule and Isabella is bound to claim the damages from her. References Adam v Lindsell [1818] B Ald 681 Bressan v Squires Supreme Court of New South Wales [1974] 2 NSWLR 460 Brinkibon v Stahag Stahl und Stahlwarenhandelsgessellschaft mbH House of Lords [1983] 2 AC 34 Entores Ltd v Miles Far East Corpn (1955) Holwell securities Ltd v Hughes (1974) Tallerman Co Pty Ltd v Nathan's Merchandise (1957) 98 CLR 93, 111-112

Financial Reporting of Australian Agricultural Company Limited

Question: Discuss about the Financial Accounting Principles and Analysis Performance. Answer: 1. Although the statement of financial performance is a record of past achievement, the calculations required for certain expenses involve estimates of the future. What is meant by this statement? Can you think of examples where estimates of the future are used? In the words of Afonso and Sousa (2012), the financial statements of the current year of a particular company reflects the working process and expenses beard by it along with the amount of profit earned of the previous year. It also contains some estimates belonging to the future. In the words of Beatty and Liao (2014), the following estimates of the future are considerably the assets and liabilities that are included in the financial performance of the past achievements being a part of the future estimates. However, the companies have to adhere to the International Financial Reporting Standards to regulate the involvement of the future estimates in the financial statements of the past or current year. The assets and liabilities that are included in the present financial statements and are a part of the future estimation. The different assets and liabilities are connected with the different aspects of the future estimates. As observed by Board (2015), it has also been witnessed that the past transactions give rise to flow of the economic benefits of the future leading to an inflow and outflow for the same. The inclusions of the expenses associated being a part of the present financial statement of the company is not a new concept. As stated by Altman et al. (2013), in a virtual manner it has been observed that the amounts of the financial statements of today require the future estimates of the same. The amount of loan receivables reflects the amount that the bank is expected to receive back from the borrowers. According to Christensen and Nikolaev (2013), the amount of loan is determined as per the amount promised and is adjusted in accordance with the moneys time value in the futu re years. The estimated of the allocation of the loan amount along the future years in determined on the basis of facts and circumstances of the current year. The future estimates that are considered in the past and current records of the company may precisely be the various reserves and provisions made by the company in context of the future contingencies and to bear the future uncertain losses. These are namely provision for bad debts and provision for depreciation. The amount of bad debts refers to the amount that has been estimated to arise from the receivable accounts that have not been collected but are issued by the company. The provision for bad debts follows the accrual basis of accounting. The purpose of making a provision for bad debts is to channelize the impact of bad debts in the early reporting periods. On the other hand, the provision for depreciation consists of the collected value of the depreciation of all the assets of the company. This facilitates the company in realizing the value of the asset in the current year. in the words of Radebaugh (2014), as and when the company decides to sell off the assets then the total amount of depreciation is deducted from the cost of the asset the residual is then further deducted from the sale value of the asset. In this way a company can ascertain whether the sale assets has made a loss or earned profit for the company. 2: To, The Proprietor, Pat Stewart, Business name, Date: Dear Mr. Pat, Subject: Response to accounting related concern I have come to know about your concern over the difference existing between financial performance as reflected in the cash flow statement and the profit or loss account. Please find my response to the same below: Please note that the financial performance indicated by the cash flow statement of your company does not match with the profits level shown by the profit or loss account, which is quite obvious. The reason being the different accounting approach followed in case of preparing the two financial statements. Cash flow statement is prepared under cash basis of accounting whereas profit or loss account is prepared under the accrual basis of accounting. This difference in the application of accounting approach causes difference between the results revealed by cash flow statement and profit or loss account. You also need to understand that cash and profits are different from each other, both are not same at all. Cash is the amount of money that the business have at any particular time to meet business expenses. On the contrary, profit represent the excess of revenues over expenditures in a business. In other words, profit indicates the amount of money that a business is making from the capital investments. Here, it is important to note that profit is recorded in the books when a sale is made whereas cash flow is recorded actually when the cash is received from the concerned customer. Cash flow statement is prepared under cash basis of accounting and thus it records the outflow and inflow of cash as and when the same takes place in the business. On the contrary, profit or loss account which is prepared under the accrual basis of accounting considers the total revenue and expenses that accrue during a particular accounting period in the business, irrespective of actual cash flow regarding the accounting items. Difference between the two can be easily demonstrated through an easy example. For instance, a business pays $1000 as rent per month to the landlord however for the last two months rent has not been paid and thus due. In such a case, the actual cash flow during the 12 months period was $1000 * 10 = $10,000 and this amount would be shown in the cash flow statement. On the contrary, in case of profit or loss account, entire rent for the year of $1000 * 12 = $ 12,000 would be shown as an expense with 2 months rent of $2,000 as an outstanding expense. This makes the cash balance higher whereas profit amount gets lowered due to such transactions. To sum up, under cash basis of accounting, revenues are recorded in the financial statements when these are actually received and expenses are recorded when the same is paid from business cash. On the other hand, under accrual basis of accounting, revenues are recorded at the time when the same is earned and expenses are recorded when the same gets accrue. I firmly believe that the above explanations would surely clear your doubts relating to the matter. Yours sincerely, Name 3 Critically examine the following statements about depreciation. Depreciation is a valuation adjustment. According to Misopoulos et al. (2014), the term depreciation refers to the amount attained on the deterioration in the valuation of the fixed assets along a specified time period. It is the method by which the company allocates the cost of various tangible fixed assets along its useful life. The depreciation of these stated assets do not involve a flow of cash and allows writing off the assets value over time. According to Braun et al. (2015), the depreciation expense shows the amount of the value of the asset that has been used over the years. Therefore it can be said that the amount of depreciation charged is the valuation of adjustment of the assets account. The deprivation that occurs in the assets of the company for a particular year is not directly deducted from the value of the assets in the assets account. As observed by Fenna (2013), a separate account for charging the amount of depreciation is prepared by the company wherein the rate of depreciation according to the decisio n of the company is charged upon and deducted from the accumulated amount. According to Ryan (2012), the residual value left upon after charging depreciation for the given years is the actual price of depreciated asset in that particular year. The following can be explained by an example wherein a company purchases machinery for a value of 1 lakh rupees. As stated by Lovell (2014), the company may choose to write the entire cost of the assets in one year or it may choose to write the value of the asset over its expected term of life that is 10 years. The portion of the cost of the assets that is being depreciated each year is treated in the form of depreciation expense on the companys income statement. This shows the way in which the value of the asset is adjusted every year. In short, as said by Matherly and Burney (2013), the company transfers a portion of the cost of the assets from the balance sheet of the company to the income statement of the same during each particular year of the life of the assets. There is no point in depreciating buildings because their value increases. In this regard it may be stated that the value of the buildings do not increase over time, the land on whom the building has been constructed increases in value. In the words of Gregory and Smith (2016), the concept of depreciation is not applicable on the fixed assets such as land because the value of the same increases over time. According to Caria and Rodrigues (2014), as the land is a limited resource therefore the value of it does not decreases and remains at a higher value. On the other hand, the buildings undergo depreciation on account of innovation and reconstruction of the same. In the words of Watts and Zuo (2016), the materials that had been used for the construction of the buildings had a certain cost and are not a limited resource therefore the buildings are a depreciable asset. Further, the buildings that are used for the purpose of office uses and production purposes as well as warehousing require to be depreciated to ascertain the financial statements of the company. 4 . Why would a business choose to make the following entity structure changes? (a) From a proprietorship or partnership to a private company. A business entity engaged in a partnership form of business has to deal with a lot of disadvantages such as disagreement between the partners, bearing of risks and liability, heavy taxation etc. In a partnership form of business the partners may not agree on all matters in context of the firm. This causes a conflict between the partners and as a result hampers the productivity of the business. Furthermore, the partners of the partnership business firm are subjected to unlimited liability. According to Collins et al. (2012), this puts the partners in an unstable situation in case the firm incurs a loss the expenses in this regard have to be borne by the partners. They may also require using their personal properties and assets to rectify the expenses on account of the loss incurred. On the other hand in a private limited company, as stated by Armstrong et al. (2016), the liabilities of the shareholder are limited and this is considered to be the most important advantage of a public company. In case of any loss in the company, the shareholders do not require to give up their personal assets to meet the expenses of the losses. The public limited companies in a way protect the wealth of the shareholders and do not compel the shareholders to put their resources at risk. In addition to the above, the decision making in a private limited company is conducted on the basis of majority votes. The voting system is undertaken to make an effective decision. According to Tawiah and Benjamin (2015), this eradicates the chances of disagreement of the shareholders regarding a specific decision and therefore the chances of conflict in between the shareholders are minimal in a private limited company. As the advantages of a private company are more beneficial than a partnership form of business therefore a business entity might consider changing the business structure from a partnership form of business to a private company. (b) From a public company to a private company. The setting up of a public company requires a lot of investment and time and is also difficult to set up. The business is also not commenced from the date of the companys incorporation. The business secrets of a public company are difficult to maintain as the annual accounts of the same are published. The decisions in a public company regarding the business and other areas are often delayed leading to loss in business. In the words of Herndon et al. (2014), the separation of the ownership from the management of a public company reduces the efficiency of the company. There is also a possibility of clash between the management department and the shareholders of the company. On the other hand, the workings of a private company are undertaken by the shareholders of the company. All the decisions in context of the business of the company are undertaken by the shareholders without any interference of the government regulation and policies as is the case of a public company. In addition to this, as opinionated by Pashang et al. (2014), the chain of communication between the shareholders and the employees are of advanced level ensuring a good flow of exchange of ideas and problems. This in turn ensures that the conflict in between the management and the owners are kept to the minimal. As the advantages of a private company are more than a public company hence a business enterprise may consider the following structural changes in the business entity. 5. As a first-year accounting student, Irene is confused. She thought she was learning that accrual accounting provided more useful information about the financial performance and position of an organization than the statement of cash flows. The statement of cash flows is a step in the wrong direction in her opinion. Help Irene with her dilemma. In context of the above question as opinioned by Biddle (2015), the preparation of cash flow is based on cash basis of accounting whereas the preparation of the income statement follows the accrual basis of accounting. In the cash basis of accounting the revenues are being recognized when they are actual received by the company and not merely earned. Similarly, the expenses of the company are also releasized only when they are paid for in actual by the company. The preliminary nature of expenses is not considered in the cash basis of accounting. Furthermore, the income or revenue received in advance is also not taken into considered. In the words of Oulasvirta (2014), the cash flow follows the accounting basis of cash and therefore includes only the revenues and expenses that have also been received and paid by the company. On the other hand, the accrual basis of accounting the revenues and expenses are realized at the time when they are earned. For example, the accounting services made by an accountant in the month of December garnered a sum of 10,000. However, the actual amount will be receivable in the month of January. Here, the revenue earned will be treated in the month of December and not in the month of January. This constitutes of the accrual basis of accounting. The income statement of a company is prepared on the accrual basis of accounting. This signifies that the income statement of a company consists of the revenue that has been earned by the company but may not have been received by the same. Similarly, the expenses stated in the income statement may be future contingencies that have at present not been incurred. In a similar way if the utilities used up by the company will be mentioned in the bill of January that was used in the month of December. Now if the cash basis of accounting is followed then the bill be paid and written in the month of December whereas if the accrual basis of accounting is prepared then the following will be treated in the month of January. In the words of Wang et al. (2016), as the cash flow and income statement of a company is prepared on the basis of two different accounting approach therefore there is a subsequent possibility that the cash flow may display an increment in cash whereas the income statement I displaying a loss for the company. Similarly, the cash flow may show a decrease in the amount of cash whereas on the contrary the income statement is showing a profit for the company. Such differences are beneficial for the company a it provides the necessary help required in the better understanding of the areas in which the company requires to make changes so as to earn more profit. Furthermore, the income statement of accompany that follows the accrual basis of accounting reflects the revenue earned by the company and the cash flow of a company that follows the cash basis of accounting shows the actual flow of cash in context of the revenue earned. 6. An accountant prepared a statement of financial position for a business using the horizontal layout. In this statement, the capital of the owner was shown next to the liabilities. This confused the owner, who argued: My capital is my major asset and so should be shown as an asset on the statement of financial position. How would you explain this misunderstanding to the owner? The balance sheet of a company displays the capital, assets and liabilities of the same at the end of each financial year. The owner of a company invests the personal assets in the company in the form of capital in order to earn a subsequent return upon the amount of money invested. Here, the owners capital is treated in the form of an investment and not as an asset. The investments made for the business proceedings of the company form a part of liability for the business. In this context, the owner of the capital has to understand that the amount that is an asset for him becomes a liability for the business. The business is treated as a completely separate entity from the owner. In case the company suffers a loss then in that case the liabilities of the business do not form a part of the owners personal liability. The business entity is a separate entity from the owner. The business is not registered with the name of the owner but by the name of the company. As far as capital is concerned, it is shown of the liability side of the balance sheet. The term capital can widely be explained as the amount of capital employed by the company in context of the assets owned by the company. As said by Corsetti et al. (2013), the assets of the company are a sum total of the fixed assets as well as the working capital. Here, it must be noted that the employed capital of a company are shown on the assets side of the companys balance sheet. On the other hand the sources of fund equal in amount to the capital employed are shown on the liability side of the companys balance sheet. The balance of the sources of fund might also involve the loan taken for the purpose of the business as well as the provisions created to meet the expected loss or expense that is yet not mentioned in the companys balance sheet. The confusion of the owner regarding the treatment of capital as a liability for the company and not as an asset can be eradicated only if the business is treated to be a separate entity from its owner. For the purpose of conducting a business sufficient amount of fund is required. The sources of fund may be the owners personal fund or it may be borrowed fund. The business receives both the funds for conducting the business. Here, it may be seen that the owner is also investing the personal capital into the business and therefore the capital becomes a liability for the business and not for the owner. If so ever the company is closed or sold off at the assets book value than the after the liabilities of the company has been meet the money that is left will be returned to the owner. Therefore, the fund provided by the owner for the business purpose id treated as liability and not as asset for the company. Reference List: Afonso, A. and Sousa, R.M., 2012. The macroeconomic effects of fiscal policy.Applied Economics,44(34), pp.4439-4454. Altman, E.I., Giannozzi, A., Roggi, O. and Sabato, G., 2013. Building Sme rating: is it necessary for lenders to monitor financial statements of the borrowers?.BANCARIA,10, pp.54-71. Armstrong, C., Guay, W.R., Mehran, H. and Weber, J., 2016. The role of financial reporting and transparency in corporate governance.Economic Policy Review, Issue Aug, pp.107-128. Beatty, A. and Liao, S., 2014. Financial accounting in the banking industry: A review of the empirical literature.Journal of Accounting and Economics,58(2), pp.339-383. Biddle, G.C., 2015. The Role of Financial Statements in Reporting Financial Performance. InAccounting Finance/IASB Research Forum. Board, A.P., 2015. Tetranormalization and the Accounting Standard-Setting Process.Organizational Change and Global Standardization: Solutions to Standards and Norms Overwhelming Organizations, p.69. Braun, G.P., Haynes, C.M., Lewis, T.D. and Taylor, M.H., 2015. Principles-based vs. rules-based accounting standards: The effects of auditee proposed accounting treatment and regulatory enforcement on auditor judgments and confidence.Research in Accounting Regulation,27(1), pp.45-50. Caria, A.A. and Rodrigues, L.L., 2014. The evolution of financial accounting in Portugal since the 1960s: A new institutional economics perspective.Accounting History,19(1-2), pp.227-254. Christensen, H.B. and Nikolaev, V.V., 2013. Does fair value accounting for non-financial assets pass the market test?.Review of Accounting Studies,18(3), pp.734-775. Collins, D.L., Pasewark, W.R. and Riley, M.E., 2012. Financial reporting outcomes under rules-based and principles-based accounting standards.Accounting Horizons,26(4), pp.681-705. Corsetti, G., Kuester, K., Meier, A. and Mller, G.J., 2013. Sovereign risk, fiscal policy, and macroeconomic stability.The Economic Journal,123(566), pp.F99-F132. Fenna, A., 2013. The economic policy agenda in Australia, 19622012.Australian Journal of Public Administration,72(2), pp.89-102. Gregory, R.G. and Smith, R.E., 2016. 15 Unemployment, Inflation and Job Creation Policies in Australia.Inflation and Unemployment: Theory, Experience and Policy Making, p.325. Herndon, T., Ash, M. and Pollin, R., 2014. Does high public debt consistently stifle economic growth? A critique of Reinhart and Rogoff.Cambridge journal of economics,38(2), pp.257-279 Lovell, H., 2014. Climate change, markets and standards: the case of financial accounting.Economy and Society,43(2), pp.260-284. Matherly, M. and Burney, L.L., 2013. Active learning activities to revitalize managerial accounting principles.Issues in Accounting Education,28(3), pp.653-680. Misopoulos, F., Mitic, M., Kapoulas, A. and Karapiperis, C., 2014. Uncovering customer service experiences with Twitter: the case of airline industry.Management Decision,52(4), pp.705-723 Oulasvirta, L.O., 2014. Governmental financial accounting and European harmonisation: Case study of Finland.Accounting, Economics and Law,4(3), pp.237-263. Pashang, H., sterlund, U. and Johansson, K., 2014. Cost accounting, ethical accountability, and accounting principles.Journal of Modern Accounting and Auditing,10(1), p.20. Radebaugh, L.H., 2014. Environmental factors influencing the development of accounting objectives, standards and practices in Peru.The international Journal of Accounting Education and Research. Urbana,11(1), pp.39-56. Ryan, S.G., 2012. Financial reporting for financial instruments.Foundations and Trends (R) in Accounting,6(34), pp.187-354. Tawiah, V.K. and Benjamin, M., 2015. Conservatism analysis on Indian Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) and International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS).International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development,2(5). Wang, J., Bonilla, D. and Banister, D., 2016. Air deregulation in China and its impact on airline competition 19942012.Journal of Transport Geography,50, pp.12-23. Watts, R.L. and Zuo, L., 2016. Understanding Practice and Institutions: A Historical Perspective.Accounting Horizons,30(3), pp.409-423. Financial Reporting of Australian Agricultural Company Limited Question: Discuss about a Case Study for Financial Reporting Disclosures in the Australian Corporate Sectora case of Australian Agricultural Company Limited (AACL)? Answer: Introduction The financial report of the companies are liable to disclose the followed accounting policies in a financial year. It is necessary to disclose the policies as well as the sources of estimation of the various particulars of accrual statements in the financial reports for the understanding of the users of those reports. In this context, the main criteria of this report is to provide the conceptual framework of the users of the financial reports. The report of Australian Agricultural Company Limited is being assessed here to evaluate the requirements of the sources of estimation in accounting treatment. Further, the report has emphasized on the current practice of the company evaluating the difference between the accounting standards and current practice. The usefulness of the current disclosure is also discussed in this report. User of financial reports The main users of the financial report is the investors and the analysts. The authority is also another party to assess the financial legitimacy of the data provided by Australian Agricultural Company Limited. In this regard, the employees are also accountable to use the report in suitable places. The investors and the on behalf of them, the analysts also use the annual reports of the company to evaluate the financial performance of the company from time to time. The creditors and the lenders in the market have direct business relationship with Australian Agricultural Company Limited for dong business (Charteredaccountants.com.au, 2015). Therefore, it is their business interest that makes them to check the financial report of the company to analyse the feasibility of doing business with it future. The employees are the only users of the report who deliver the input as well as take reference from the outputs. Australian stock exchange is another private party that use the report of Au stralian Agricultural Company Limited. The following figure explains the framework of the users of the financial report: Figure 1: Framework of users of financial report of Australian Agricultural Company Limited (Source: aaco.com.au, 2016) Requirements for disclosures of accounting policies in Australian Agricultural Company Limited Financial disclosures on assets, liabilities and income statement are very important as they provide the important insights on the accrual basis of accounting. Therefore, the statement is not presented on current cash transaction basis rather recognize the economic changes in the business. Hereby, the investors and other users need to know the basis of the accrual presentation of the accounts as well as the current value of the assets and liabilities. In this context, the future expense and the liabilities of the company can be understood by fair value of measurement of the liabilities and the assets (AASB 13) (Davies Green, 2013). The employee benefits had to be presented in future value as per the AASB 119. The disclosures related to the changes in the accounting treatment from time to time are also necessary for defining the instrument of financial measurement (AASB 9) (ey.com, 2014). The companies have to provide the disclosure related to the investments made in the other entiti es so that shareholders may know the movement of the funds. AASB 136 is mandatory for providing information on recoverable assets from the non-financial assets (ifrs.org, 2014). It is seen that the companies have to make many disclosures while presenting the annual financial report to make the convincing way of presentation to the users of the annual reports. The financial expenses related to the future expenses for the annual benefits of the employees are the accrual liability of the companies, which are necessary to be explained as the deferred liability for the business. This liability is a long-term liability for the companies, as they need to meet their capacity of paying the liabilities. The accounting policies of the report have to be presented for understanding the criteria fulfilled by the company while providing the accounts. According to Brochet, Jagolinzer and Riedl (2013), the disclosure from the management for accounting statement and the policies are very important as it shows the accountability of the management. In this context, the main requirement is to disclose the future transaction of the agricultural derivatives of the business so that trading risk of the future can be understood. The main changes in the position of the risk hedging in sourcing the materials are important to be disclosed as it may provide the investors and other users like creditors an idea of risk assessment of the company (Mobile.deloitte.wsj.com, 2016). Ball, Jayaraman and Shivakumar (2012) saw that companies must provide the significant movement in the accounting policies for every reporting year for convincing presentation towards the users. Current accounting practice regarding accounting disclosures and accounting standard requirement of Australian Agricultural Company Limited Australian Agricultural Company Limited had disclosed many accounting policies in line with the accounting standards in its financial report of 2014. From the financial report of the company, we could see that AASB 2011-9 amendments are maintained to present the comprehensive income of the financial year. The requirement of the consolidated financial statements has been presented in the annual report (AASB 10). The report consisted of details of the joint arrangements made by the company using some other vehicles. AACL had disclosed the interests in other entities where the direct business of the company was not associated with its core operation during the reporting period. It had followed the AASB 12 as per the mandated rules of the report presentation. The fair value measurement of the assets and the liabilities had been presented in the report of FY2014 (AASB 13) (Pta.wa.gov.au, 2015). The employee benefits of the period was been disclosed in the report as per the mandated rules due to accounting standard of AASB 119. The disclosed items like improvement in the financial as well as operational related financial matters have been disclosed in the accounting presentation of Australian Agricultural Company Limited in FY2014. The amendments towards disclosing the offsetting financial assets and liabilities from the final accounts and transferring the same in the equity were being provided with the report in FY2014. The company had provided the information and related inclusions of data for withdrawing from the old interpretation method of 1039 to resolve the issue of amendment in AASB 1048. The transition period of the guided principles of the accounting standards were disclosed as per the AASB 2012-10. Foreign currency translation, receivables, payables, inventories and derivatives of the agricultural products were been disclosed in the annual report of FY2014. The recognition system of property, plant and equipment with impaired value were being disclosed in the report(Thecorporatecounsel.net, 2015). Potential gap between the current accounting practice and disclosing standard There were some of the gaps in the reported financial presentation found as per the Australian accounting standards. The main gap was the financial instruments, which was not disclosed in the financial report (AASB 9). The company had not reported the responsibilities of the key personnel in governing the entire business process as per the recommendations of AASB 2011-4 (Hribar, Kravet Wilson, 2014). Usefulness of current disclosure of Australian Agricultural Company LimitedFor the users of the financial reports The present report was still useful in delivering the important information regarding the companys performance. The investors and the creditors of the company could make important decision while investing or lending money. The recognition of the operating as well as the financial income has provided the insights on fair value of both types of the assets (Ormiston Fraser, 2013). In this context, the equity control on other entities has been understood from the disclosure made for interest in other entities. The employee benefits and the deferred liabilities towards paying the employees after their retirement were provided with the report. The analysts and the users of the report could analyse the provision for the future liabilities from the long-term responsibilities of the company whereas the income or expense from the joint arrangements of AACL could be seen too. The users of the report could find the consolidated statement and might make the separate analysis to compare the perfo rmance of the two different entities and find the profitable investment region for them (Lusardi Mitchell, 2013). The equity holding in other entities as well as minority interest in some companies (may be termed as subsidiary) could be analysed from the disclosure of other interest. It expressed the opportunities for Australian Agricultural Company Limited in different portfolio of business. Conclusion The report had shown the final touch for the users. It was seenthat Australian Agricultural Company Limited had already amended many of the accounting standards in disclosing the policy of the accounts at the time of presenting the accounting report in FY2014. However, many of the gaps were found from the annual report of the company, which must be fulfilled by the management in future. The management of the Australian Agricultural Company Limited had aimed to use financial instrument in presenting the financial report in future for better interpretation of the accounts. References aaco.com.au,. (2016).Annual Report. Retrieved 5 January 2016, from https://www.aaco.com.au/media/.../2014-15_aaco_fy14_annual_report.pdf Charteredaccountants.com.au,. (2015).AASB 101 Presentation of Financial Statements. Retrieved 5 January 2016, from https://www.charteredaccountants.com.au/Industry-Topics/Reporting/Australian-accounting-standards/Analysis-of-AASB-standards/AASB-101--Presentation-of-financial-statements ey.com,. (2014).Improving disclosure effectiveness. Retrieved 5 January 2016, from https://www.ey.com/...Improving_disclosure_effectiveness/.../Applying-DisclEf.. Hribar, P., Kravet, T., Wilson, R. (2014). A new measure of accounting quality.Review of Accounting Studies,19(1), 506-538. Ormiston, A., Fraser, L. M. (2013).Understanding financial statements. Pearson Education. Lusardi, A., Mitchell, O. S. (2013).The economic importance of financial literacy: Theory and evidence(No. w18952). National Bureau of Economic Research. Ball, R., Jayaraman, S., Shivakumar, L. (2012). Audited financial reporting and voluntary disclosure as complements: A test of the confirmation hypothesis.Journal of Accounting and Economics,53(1), 136-166. Brochet, F., Jagolinzer, A. D., Riedl, E. J. (2013). Mandatory IFRS adoption and financial statement comparability.Contemporary Accounting Research,30(4), 1373-1400. Davies, H., Green, D. (2013).Global Financial Regulation: The Essential Guide (Now with a Revised Introduction). John Wiley Sons. ifrs.org,. (2014).IASB makes progress on improving the effectiveness of disclosure in financial reporting. Retrieved 5 January 2016, from https://www.ifrs.org Alerts Publications Mobile.deloitte.wsj.com,. (2016).The road to effective disclosure. Retrieved 5 January 2016, from https://mobile.deloitte.wsj.com/cfo/2014/09/05/the-road-to-effective-disclosures/ Pta.wa.gov.au,. (2015).Summary of significant accounting policies. Retrieved 5 January 2016, from https://www.pta.wa.gov.au/portals/0/annualreports/2014/content/financials/notes/2-summary-of-significant-accounting-policies.asp Thecorporatecounsel.net,. (2015).Study: Companies Voluntarily Enhancing Disclosure Effectiveness : TheCorporateCounsel.net Blog. Retrieved 5 January 2016, from https://www.thecorporatecounsel.net/blog/2015/12/study-companies-voluntarily-enhancing-disclosure-effectiveness.html

Globalization and Behavioral Studies Essay Example

Globalization and Behavioral Studies Essay Globalization is considered as one of the biggest trends of today’s world. In the literal sense it is considered as the transformation of the entire local or in certain cases the regional phenomenon into global ones. A collective approach is usually used in the perspective of globalization and this phenomenon is described as a process in which the people of the world are unified together and they are collected and combined in a single society and such a society functions together. There are different trends that are used in globalization like technological, socio-cultural, economic, political forces and etc (Stiglitz, 2007). However, when an individual talk about globalization then emphasis is laid on the economic aspects of globalization and this aspect is usually related with the integration of economies and certain other aspects like foreign direct investment, mitigation, capital flows and etc are covered in this term. The history of globalization is wide and varied and this term was used by the economists since the 1980’s. Before 1980’s the term was widely used is the field of social sciences (Steger, 2009). Globalization although gained success in today’s world but it’s an ancient process which actually tracked the expansion of human race and the growth of civilization. The globalization is now considered as a modern term and in today’s world it is seen as a tool to increase strategic alliances and involve in collective trade which would ultimately decrease the chances of future war. Another stage of globalization led to the conference of Bretton Woods’s conference (Etizen, 2008). This conference is related to the economic integration of commerce and finance and how several institutions should integrate the process of globalization. We will write a custom essay sample on Globalization and Behavioral Studies specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Globalization and Behavioral Studies specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Globalization and Behavioral Studies specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Impact of globalization Globalization is usually considered as a novel idea and it is a phenomenon which the world is embracing. There are different positive effects of globalization and it is extremely beneficial for everyone in all the countries. The advantages of globalization are listed below:  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The element of globalization forces the organizations and different businesses to compete on a global scale. The consumer on the other hand gains an advantage because of this and businesses are unable to control and monopolize the businesses because politicians and governments are there to control it.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Countries would specialize their specific sectors in which they are competitive and it is not necessary that all the manufacturing element would be done by Americans and Germans because if the Chinese are good at it and they offer lower rates then the manufacturing would be done by the Chinese.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Because of globalization consumers are the real winner and the consumers have the choice to buy good where they are cheap and they are not bound to buy the products of the their native land. In this scenario the consumers can get the best products at the best price and they can buy products even from China and India.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The element of prosperity is shared by everyone and before the concept of globalization China and India were poor countries and their standard of living were not good but after the globalization factor both the countries experience enormous growth and economic booms are experienced by both the countries (Peterson Bigelow, 2002). The most important fact is the consumer side that besides countries and manufacturers the customers are benefitting from the low cost and high quality products. These positive effects of globalization help the consumers and the manufacturers in both the short and the long run. The movement of globalization is pro-prosperity, anti-poverty and pro-free trade. This phenomenon of globalization is helping the developing world to raise the standard of living and both developing and developed countries are benefitting from this approach. However, certain individuals believe that besides the positive effects of globalization there are certain negative effects of globalization. These negative effects of globalization are stated below:  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The phenomenon of globalization results in lesser job for the local individuals like for e.g. people in India are getting more and more jobs because of the boom of outsourcing sector but local Americans are losing their jobs and this would affect the economic conditions of America.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The labor forces are exploited by the phenomenon of globalization and child workers are used by different organizations to develop cheap products.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   People are continuously facing the difficulties of job insecurity because of increased competition they are unaware of the fact that when their organization fires them.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Pollution is caused by different industries and these industries are operated in poor a country that is the reason why no legal regulations are faced by these organizations.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The biggest disadvantage of globalization is that the element of globalization is not universal and that is the reason why rich are getting richer and poor people are getting poorer because of this.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The cultural heritage of countries that are rich in cultures is affected through television and internet.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Globalization is also transforming the behaviors of individuals and there learning patterns and behaviors are shaped by foreign traditions, practices and cultures.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The element of human trafficking is increasing because of globalization.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The local industries of certain countries are affected by this phenomenon and they are taken over by multinational corporations. . Behavioral theories and globalization Globalization has different contexts and these contexts can be positive and negative. Similarly, globalization is closely linked with behavioral studies. All the behavioral theories are closely linked with the aspect of globalization. For e.g. behavioral learning theories believe that learning is closely linked with the change in behavior and this change in behavior occurs because of a continuous practice. These theories of behavioral learning are discussed below:  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Contiguity theory  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Classical conditioning theory or respondent conditioning. The theories of behavioral sciences are closely related with the concept of globalization and the impacts of these theories on individuals of the society are wide and varied. The impact and relationships of these three theories on globalization are discussed below: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Contiguity theory The contiguity theory revolves around the principle that any stimulus and response element which is connected in certain time or space will be associated with something. This theory can be elaborated with an example that if a baseball player hits home runs when he is wearing a particular pairs of socks then he would associate the home runs with the pair of socks. Similarly, another example in this context would be related to the fact that if a student makes a good grade after implementing a new studying technique then he/she would relate the studying technique with the grade he/she scored. This technique is widely used by different individuals (Robbins Chatterjee, 2005). This contiguity theory can also be linked with the phenomenon of globalization. People have a mindset that foreign products are good in quality and if one foreign product performs well then they would relate the fact that foreign products are good in quality. Similarly, if globalization offers them a lower cost prod uct then certain individuals would believe that globalization is quite good for them because they are saving a lot of money because of globalization and it is offering them low cost products. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Classical conditioning theory The first type of learning was actually discovered in the form of classical conditioning theory. This theory was formulated by a theorists named as Ivan Pavlov. This theory is also names as respondent learning theory. A certain involuntary action is related in this type of theory. For e.g. if air blows then the eyes of every individuals shuts down this behavior or reflective response is because of the past experiences and innate attitude (Zastrow Ashman, 2006). The phenomenon of globalization is linked with this theory and when an individual hears the elements globalization then a collective attribute comes in its mind that something collective is going to happen and no individual’s aspects are there to control this phenomenon and globalization is linked with the global aspect. Similarly, certain other advance objectives like mixing up the economies and having a collective currency also comes in mind when the work globalization is being heard. These globalization theories clearly depict that people are integrated with each other and the phenomenon of globalization offers the individual to collaborate with each other. The aspects of globalization are very important for the modern society and it clearly depicts the attributes of how people live with each other. The world is transforming into a global village just because of globalization and individuals from different countries understand the cultural heritage and norms of other cultures and traditions. Organizations are transforming themselves into mega enterprises and they are enlarging their vision through globalization and this approach is enhancing their profits. They are benefitting from it on both the short and the long run. Chinese culture and Indian culture is amalgamating with the cultures of other countries and westerns because of their products like dresses, food and etc are slowly and gradually depicting an adaptive behavior towards these cultures. The internet is also helping the societies and it helps different individuals and societies to break down the cultural boundaries by enabling easy way of communication. That is the reason why internet is directly linked with the process of cultural globalization and through internet the collaboration between individuals is that are far away from each other is possible. Globalization has drastically changed the living styles of different individuals and societies and in the current era it is possible that someone in America can be eating Japanese noodles wearing an Indian dress. The restaurants are offering culturally enriched food because of globalization because restaurants like McDonalds, Pizza Hut and etc believes that the customer base of their organ ization is quote wide and varied and they have to adopt new and modernized ways to cater their customers. Besides food certain other practices like meditation are also adopted by different cultures. For e.g. Americans before globalization don’t really believe in meditation but after globalization they have adopted this practice and different western countries are adopting the principles of meditation with the help of globalization (Lortie LeCroy, 2009). The culture of a certain society is considered as patterns of human activity and culture basically includes aspects like language, dressing, food, beliefs and etc. The advent of globalization has transformed the culture of different countries and the cultures of different countries are accessible to other societies and in this way the earth is shrinking and one can easily say that it is becoming a global village. In the current era globalization is considered as a debatable topic because certain individuals are accepting it and certain societies are rejecting it. However, a closer look at globalization suggests that it is helping the individuals, societies and different countries to come closer and coordinate with each other. This coordination would help these countries and individuals to attain their desired goals and objectives. Therefore, one can say that besides helping the individuals the phenomenon of globalization is linked with behavioral theories.

buy custom Captivating Nursing Essay Examples on Patient Care Delivery

buy custom Captivating Nursing Essay Examples on Patient Care Delivery Nursing Essay Example on Patient Care Delivery Models Introduction In the recent past, the United States of America has been focusing on the health care delivery system restructuring in order to facilitate the provision of high-quality and affordable health care services to people. The continued restructuring of the health care delivery system has led to the creation of new jobs for nurses, and more nursing jobs are expected to be created in the future. According to Sullivan-Marx (2010), most of these nursing jobs are expected to be available in the community. On the other hand, nursing jobs in acute care hospitals are likely to decline considerably. In my view, the continued restructuring of the U.S. health care delivery system is likely to impact significantly the practice of nursing. The practice of nursing is likely to shift its focus from acute care hospitals to community-based health organizations. The reason for this is the development and implementation of new health care delivery models such as the continuum of care, Accountable Care Organi zations (ACOs), medical homes and nurse-managed health clinics.

Leadership in Healthcare Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Leadership in Healthcare - Assignment Example Not only the women remained underrepresented in the top decision making circles, but there is also a limit and extent to the kind of leadership roles accessible to women (Lantz & Maryland, 2008). The irony is that gender inequality and underrepresentation is not a monolithic issue, but rather a multifaceted problem presenting varied key areas that need to be systematically addressed to augment and enhance gender equality in healthcare services. This white paper intends to assort and elaborate on certain key areas that not only constrain the empowerment and representation of women in healthcare services, but that need to be approached and addressed in a systematic and concerted manner at individual, institutional and policy making level to pave the way for a more inclusive and participatory work environment. The very identification of these key areas is the first and utterly pragmatic step in that direction. Envisaged in a much broader context, the women in healthcare services, as in other professional areas and avenues, do have to contend with the limitations attendant on them, ensuing from the stereotypical gender roles and patriarchal division of labor on the domestic front. Thereby, in a pragmatic context, the domestic events like child birth, taking care of a sick family member, attending to the aged family members, etc, do impact the career decisions and choices of women more drastically as compared to their male counterparts (Hauck, Bayes & Robertson, 2012, p. 178). For instance, in a majority of the households, the need to make work related adjustments like opting for less challenging professional positions, working part time or temporarily withdrawing from professional responsibilities upon child birth is more imminent on women as compared to men. Thereby, it is not a surprise that women end up getting underrepresented and underemployed in a health care scenario, in which the a venues for work life balance are tweaked in consonance with the

Stop kiss Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Stop kiss - Movie Review Example Live performances allow the audience to see how the actors undergo a sustained three-dimensional experience. In addition, the audience get to touch reality as presented by the actors and identify with some creativity in the artwork. This paper is a response to a performance of the â€Å"Stop Kiss† play. The play is about little triumphs of ordinary people in relationships. Diana Son who put the writings on the page reveals the secrets that befall a contemporary urban life of the mighty and politicians, who have to face a sour aftermath of their hate actions. The Garage Theatre made all this happen on the third Saturday of April 2012 at eight pm. You could read the excitement as the long waited moment of raising the curtains arrived. Garage theatre was celebrating ten years since its inception, which explained the big audience of the day. Callie and Sarah have recently met via a friend after Sarah has joined New York City. They realise that they share many commonalities in that they are in the process of self rediscovery after the diverse lives that are part of their past now. It is a tragedy that the two had a first kiss, which takes their friendship to another level and appears more of a love relationship. A late night walk in the park ends it all after their sight catches a vicious thug who beats Sarah into a coma. The performance was perfect with the audience laughing their hearts out all through the play. The audience encouraged the actors to do it better by laughing it off loudly in moments of humour. Great suspense rocked the audience as Bush and Beth Meticulously made their moves to deliver Diana’s message. Their voices were audible to every corner of the theatre, their movements good utilizing every part of the stage, and they acted professionally. As the play began I thought that the theme was on heterosexual behaviours of our society only to get a different meaning at the climax of the play.

The Piazza of San Marco Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Piazza of San Marco - Essay Example The essay "The Piazza of San Marco" explores The Piazza of San Marco, the heart of Venice. This is where the famous Grand Canal, the largest canal in Venice takes its beginning from and where the most popular sights are located. The square is very old and has its roots as far back as in the ninth century. It was created then as a small space in front of the Saint Mark’s Basilica, and later, in 1777, it was extended and preserved its size up to nowadays. As we are to compare the condition of the Piazza in the Renaissance (approximately in the year 1500) and nowadays we should mark that, according to the information above, the square remained in its original size at the time of making the map of Jacobo de Barbari and the painting by Gentile Bellini. Nevertheless, i should be mentioned that in the painting of another artist, Giovanni Antonio Canal, square has the same look as in the modern times. To add more, it is notable that the square isn’t actually a square, it is a t rapezoid (Imboden).Regarding the general composition, the location of the buildings haven’t changed over centuries, but the details have. The architectural dominant of the Piazza is the Doge’s Palace, a building that used to serve as a residence for Venetian Doges. The palace is built in Italian gothic style. The first building appeared at that place back in the ninth century and looked as a fortress. In 976 this building was burned as a result of the rebellion, and later rebuilt in 1106. The major part of the modern palace.

McDonalds Corporation in India

McDonalds Corporation in India Organization; McDonalds is the worlds leading fast food chain with 31,000 local restaurants in 118 different countries and collectively serving more than 58 million people (www.aboutmcdonalds.com). Due to globalization and internationalization, the corporation established joint ventures, and later franchises, which enabled them to spread into other countries, like India. This turned McDonalds into a multi-billion dollar enterprise (McDonalds Annual Report 2008). Founded in 1937 by brothers Richard and Maurice McDonald, the fast food chain began as a drive-in restaurant in California (Vignali 2001). In 1954, Ray Croc saw an opportunity in the fast food market and initiated a deal with the brothers, giving him rights to franchise McDonalds in America (Vignali 2001). By 1965, there were over 700 McDonalds restaurants in the country and in 1967, the corporation went global by opening restaurants in Canada and Puerto Rico (www.aboutmcdonalds.com). Since then, an average of 4.2 new McDonalds restaurants is opened daily around the world (Hill 2009), one of which included Indias first McDonalds in Mumbai in 1996 (www.mcdonaldsindia.com). The American fast food chain is the focus of this report because of its increasing international presence in the world. The literature review covers an overview of the strategies and models that will help better understand McDonalds move into the Indian market. The discussion and analysis section will focus on McDonalds in particular and the challenges and competition the corporation faced in this new foreign market. Lastly, the report will conclude with recommendations on how and what McDonalds can do to better their performance in India. Literature Review Globalization refers to the growing interdependent relationships among people from different cultures and nations as physical and psychological walls collapse, barriers to the movement of trade, capital and people are blurred and modern technology is integrated (Daniels et. al. 2009; Hill 2009). This indicates the two main factors that drive globalization are the decline in barriers to the free flow of goods, services and capital, and the change in technology (Daniels et. al. 2009). Internationalization involves customizing business strategies depending on cultural, regional and national differences (Vignali 2001). Since the 20th century, more corporations have become global to create value for their organizations and to achieve competitive advantage. This was followed by the development of multinational enterprises or corporations (Daniels et. al. 2009). According to Vignali (2001), globalization involves marketing standardized products the same way everywhere, thus viewing the world as a single entity (Vignali 2001). However, the reality is that nations, cultures and people vary around the world. Corporations need more than just globalization to succeed in the international market. According to Taylor (see Vignali 2001), companies should think global, act local (Vignali 2001, p.98) by combining internationalization and globalization elements to create a competitive advantage. Entry Modes Determining the appropriate entry mode for a corporation is a complex task. Hill, Hwang and Kim (1990) state that different entry modes have different levels of control over foreign operations, in terms of managing operational and strategic decision-making. Some of the common entry modes used by global corporations are franchising and joint ventures (Hill 2009). Franchising is when a company, or franchisor, sells intangible property, like a trademark, to the franchisee with the stipulation that the franchisee abides the by the rules and conditions specified in the franchising contract (Hill 2009). The rules as to how franchisees operate a restaurant extends to control over the menu, cooking methods, staffing policies, and design and location. This is a common strategy approached by many fast food chains. By franchising to local people, the delivery and interpretation of something foreign is translated by the local people, in terms of both product and service (Vignali 2001), and the costs of running the business is cheaper. However, franchising may inhibit a corporation taking profits out of one country to support competitive attacks in another country (Hill 2009). Also, the quality of the brand in the foreign country may not be the same or up to par as the quality of the brand of products in the corporations native country, which is ultimately bad for business (Hill 2009). Joint venture is sharing ownership between two or more companies and the percentage of ownership varies from 50% to more or less (Daniels et. al. 2009). It has similar advantages as franchising but can have more problems, such as lack of control of technology (Hill 2009). When choosing the market it is important to consider long-term economic benefits including the market size, the present wealth of consumers in the market, and the future wealth of the consumers, which depends on the economic growth rate (Hill 2009). Hill (2009) argues the product value in the foreign market is another deciding factor. This depends on if the product is suitable to the market and the local competition. As they turn global, organizations are transformed in terms of their strategies, operations, management, marketing, and human and material resources and services (Daniels et. al. 2009). This is because foreign markets have different physical, social and competitive factors from the domestic market, and this affects the objectives and the strategy of the corporation (Daniels et. al. 2009). IR Model Companies that operate internationally face two forces: pressures for global integration and pressures for local responsiveness (Daniels et. al. 2009). In their research paper, Doz and Prahalad (1984) explain economic, technological and competitive conditions push global integration, whereas diversity in customer needs, distribution channels, media and trade barriers between countries push responsiveness. Research shows that the higher the pressure for global integration, the greater the need to maximize efficiency through standardization (Daniels et. al 2009). Customers accept standardized products and this reduces costs for the corporation (Daniels et. al 2009). But, international corporations are under pressure to adapt their operations to the local market conditions and local customer demands, as well as adhere to the policies mandated by host-country governments, which varies around the world (Daniels et. al. 2009).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The integration-responsiveness model, shown in figure 1, was initially developed by Prahalad and Doz in 1987 and then developed further by Bartlett and Ghoshal in 1989. It shows the interaction between global integration and local responsiveness (Daniels et. al. 2009). The IR model presents four strategies to guide how international corporations will enter and compete in the foreign market: international strategy, multidomestic strategy, global strategy and transnational strategy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  International strategy is adopted by corporations when they want to influence their core competencies by expanding into foreign markets. Secondly, a multidomestic corporation is locally responsive (Daniels et. al. 2009, p.475) as it allows each of its operations in foreign countries to act independently. The subsidiaries have the freedom to respond to the preferences of their local customers when designing, making and marketing products (Daniels et. al. 2009). A global strategy maximizes integration and it pushes a company to make a standardized product for a global market, such as shampoo. Lastly, transnational strategy differentiates capabilities and contributions from country to country allowing companies to learn from them. It endorses an integrated framework of technology, financial resources, creative ideas, and people (Daniels et. al. 2009). Culture   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hofstede, a key researcher in the subject, defines culture as the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from another (see Hill 2009, p.89). Banerjee (2008) adds it is a set of values, ideas, artefacts, and other meaningful symbols that shape our attitudes and actions. Globalization has given rise to a new concept of no-border (Banerjee 2008, p.368) world. Cultures merge, change and evolve as people move around the world; this has increased rapidly due to improved technology, the birth of the internet and expanding networks of interpersonal and mass communications (Craig and Douglas 2006). As mentioned earlier in this report, corporations become international to create value and gain competitive advantage. One means of doing this is by promoting cultural diversity (Daniels et. al. 2009) as people from diverse backgrounds and experiences are brought together. When divergent cultures come in contact, cultural collision takes place. In adjacent to this theory of cultural collision, Craig, Douglas and Bennett (2009) introduce Americanization, a type of internationalization, which refers to the spread of American culture through US corporations. Establishing a global platform allows individuals and organizations to interact with each other, regardless of time, space and language. Globalization leads to plenty of opportunities, but it has also gives rise to challenges. Mayo (see Rawwas 2000) found that first-time exporters often fail as they try to expand internationally is because they were unable to understand cultural differences and foreign business practices. Rawwas (2000) concludes that an enhanced sensitivity to cultural variables is needed (p.203) for understanding the needs of international customers and making the necessary decisions to meet them. Discussion and Analysis   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  McDonalds has been operating in India since 1996 and has a total of 160 restaurants nationwide (www.mcdonaldsindia.com). Its strategy is to achieve best value by offering the best quality, while prices are kept reasonable (www.mcdonaldsindia.com). McDonalds success is attributed to its commitment to deliver quality, service, cleanliness and value to customers, increasing the number of outlets to improve convenience, and finally, its investment in supplier development, training and people (www.mcdonaldsindia.com). Entry Modes The growth of the emerging Indian market is attributed to the resurgence in manufacturing sector, growth in service sector, and bigger foreign investments (Sharma and Srinivasan 2008), as well as technological changes, GDP growth, and increase in literacy and income levels (Dana and Vignali 1998). Sharma and Srinivasan (2008) list Indias infrastructure, its economic development, market size, present and future wealth of consumers, and consumer culture as the main attraction for foreign investors. Hill (2009) and other researchers specify Indias large and relatively prosperous middle class of around 100 million (Harding 2000) was a main attraction for McDonalds. In addition, Sharma and Srinivasan (2008) state the expectation of India to be one of the top three economies in the world by 2050, along with China and USA also presented ample opportunities for the American corporation. It was a major risk on McDonalds part as India is the only country where the fast food giant does not include beef in its product, McDonalds primary raw material (Harding 2000). In conjunction with Sharma and Srinivasan, Morrison and Beck (2000) add that the costs and risks associated with doing business in India are lower because it is an economically advanced and politically stable democratic (Hill 2009, p.489) nation and it is cheaper for McDonalds to use local raw materials (Morrison and Beck 2000). Prior to its entry into India, the corporation was involved with local suppliers to ensure they were able to generate the right quality and quantity of raw materials required for production. These included potato farms in Gujarat, Trikaya Agriculture for lettuce, Dyanmix Dairy for cheese, and Vista Processed Foods for chicken and vegetables (www.mcdonaldsindia.com). McDonalds also developed a cold chain network, which keeps raw materials fresh as they are moved from the farms to the restaurants at the lowest possible costs. This unique network benefits the local farmers, while at the same time, gives customers high quality food products that are fresh and of great value (www.mcdonaldsindia.com). Goyal and Singh (2007) insist that although traditionally, Indians prefer home-cooked meals, there has been a shift in the food consumption patterns due to westernization. Indians were more receptive to international food and eating out at restaurants (Goyal and Singh 2007). According to worldwatch.org (see Goyal and Singh 2007, p.184), Indias fast food industry is growing by 40% each year. Prior to the entry of international fast food outlets, Goyal and Singh (2007) reveal that Nirulas was a popular domestic fast food provider. The British Wimpys was the first international fast food chain to enter the Indian market in 1984 and were an instant success. Except for Wimpys and later KFC, India was not home to many fast food outlets in the mid-1990s, and the McDonalds Corporation felt they could give something extra to the Indian customers (Goyal and Singh 2007). McDonalds entry into India was initially done through joint-venture companies: M.D. Hardcastle Restaurants Pvt. Ltd. heads up the restaurants in west and south India, while those in the north and east are managed by Connaught Plaza Restaurant Pvt. Ltd. (www.mcdonaldsindia.com). However, this is unlike Vignali (2001) and Hill (2009) who indicate that McDonalds growth and international success is attributed to using the franchising strategy (Hill 2009, p.498). McDonalds allows local firms in India to use its brand name as long as they stick to the franchising contract. They also organize the supply chain for its franchisees and provide management training and financial assistance (Hill 2009). As mentioned in the literature review, maintaining the expected quality of McDonalds products throughout its outlets in India is a challenge (Hill 2009). One way in which they handle this is by establishing a master franchisee (Hill 2009, p.498). This is where the joint venture McDonalds has established with the two local firms is crucial. The managers of the firms, who have been trained at McDonalds Hamburger University in America, head up the two master franchisee and oversee the operations in all McDonalds outlets in India (www.mcdonaldsindia.com; Hill 2009). It can be argued that the American fast food giant initially entered the Indian market through joint-ventures, but then later spread all over the country through franchises. Hill (2009) continues that, through joint ventures and franchising, McDonalds benefits from the local partners knowledge of the countrys competitive conditions, culture, and language, and the corporation is also relieved of the costs and risks of opening in the foreign market on their own; instead, the franchisee assumes all the responsibilities. By using this strategy, McDonalds was able to expand rapidly at a relatively low cost and risk (Hill 2009). IR Model McDonalds adopted the international strategy through franchising to push their core competencies in the Indian market and to customize their products and services to the local customer demands (Hill 2009). This way the corporation relies on local subsidiaries in India to stick to the regulations of running McDonalds and ensure the standardizing of its products and services (Daniels et. al. 2009). However, the Indian market is culturally diverse, so complete standardization within an international scale is impossible. Dana and Vignali (1998) argue that standardization is cheaper, but success is often a function of being able to adapt to an environment (p.50). McDonalds standardizes as much as possible to reduce costs, but they are aware of cultural differences and have adopted the concept of think global, act local (Vignali 2001, p.99). According to Hill (2009), international strategy provides the subsidiaries with some freedom, but the primary control resides with managers at the headquarters in America. Multidomestic strategy, on the other hand, allows McDonalds in India to act independently from its counterparts in America. The Indian subsidiaries are granted the authority to design, make and market new products that directly respond to the local customers preferences (Hill 2009). McDonalds does not use beef because the cow is worshipped by the local Hindu population. In fact, possession of beef could result in five years jail time (Dana and Vignali 1998). Thus, the corporation completely removed beef from all its products, as well as pork for the Muslims (Harding 2001). Instead of the ever-popular Big Macs found in the west, McDonalds in India serves Maharaja Macs made from mutton, spicy vegetarian rice patties (Morrison and Beck 2000), chicken burgers, vegetarian McAloo Tikki burgers, containing potatoes, and vegetarian pizza puffs all designed to draw in the Indian middle-class (Harding 2001; Vignali 2001). Customers in India have different preferences due to cultural and religious differences, so McDonalds is required to modify and adapt their products and services as according to the local demand. Therefore, as indicated in figure 2, McDonalds strategy is positioned between the international and multidomestic quadrant. Culture Craig, Douglas and Bennett (2009) state in their article that as that the opening on McDonalds in India is a reflection of the American culture spreading. The Indian public have mixed feelings about the companys presence in the country. Usually, the younger generation, particularly, the college-going crowd and high school students from the middle-class enjoy the new taste. However, many of them argue that McDonalds food is badexpensiveun-Indian (Harding 2001). Food ingredients are not the only things McDonalds had to modify. They learned the hard way to be aware of the religious belief and value of Hindus, Jains, Muslims and Christians in the country and adapt to each. Dana and Vignali (1998) recount an incident in the late 1990s that arose when McDonalds printed two million bags illustrating the flags of 24 competitors of a football championship. The problem was that the Saudi Arabias flag contained the religious words: There is no God but Allah, and Mohammad is his prophet (Dana and Vignali 1998, p.50). This angered the large Hindu population in the country and caused a scandal, affecting McDonalds reputation. Competition McDonalds key competitor is KFC, another American fast food giant. KFC entered the Indian market a year before McDonalds and there were problems from the start. The corporation would fatten its chicken on maize, but this was also a source of nutrition for the poor in India. They were getting less and less maize and could not even afford to eat at KFC (Dana and Vignali 1998). The Karnataka Farmers Association went on riots to demonstrate their protest and anger at the corporation, and it eventually culminated with KFC losing their permit in the southern state (Dana and Vignali 1998). KFC restaurants in India are limited and many of them have faced issues, such as unsanitary conditions (Dana and Vignali 1998, p.51).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another competitor in India for McDonalds is the British fast food chain, Wimpys (Dana 1999). They are the only international fast food conglomerate who has been in India the longest. Their growth has been slowed down over the years due to the number of international fast food chains entering India, but they frequently expand and reinvent their menus with Indian dishes to attract Indian customers (Goyal and Singh 2007). Although McDonalds has done comparatively better than KFC in India, the former faced plenty of challenges too. In the following section, recommendations are given on how McDonalds can improve their performance in subcontinent. Recommendations and Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Early 2000, McDonalds faced a lot of problems and the local population were dissatisfied with the corporations presence in the country. The problems stemmed from the corporations lack of understanding about cultural and religious beliefs in India. This shows a sign of lack of faith and lack of trust, particularly after rumours of beef fat in cooking oil used by the French McDonalds (Harding 2001) set of angry protests in India. Delhis managing director for McDonalds insists the outlets in India do not use beef extracts, but since the McDonalds empire was built on beef products, some Indians find it hard to believe that the local outlets do not use beef extracts (Harding 2001).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is a delicate situation and a hard problem to solve when religion and cultural beliefs are involved. The best thing McDonalds can do to keep business flowing in India is by building up consumer trust in the Indian market. By establishing a strategic alliance between domestic competitors, like Nirulas, customers might be influenced into eating at McDonalds (Hill 2009). This collaboration would encourage McDonalds to develop more Indian-friendly products, like curries, that fit the tastes of the local demand, and it might present the American corporation in a more favourable light. McDonalds is a popular fast food chain found all over the world. Entering into the Indian market was a brave move and it set new challenges for the corporation due to cultural, religious and ethical differences in the country. McDonalds are still facing problems, but for the most part they have managed to attract a part of the Indian population, fascinated by this western culture. In conclusion, despite the blurring of the physical boundaries between India and America, cultural factors still affect Indian customers buying habits (Banerjee 2008) and McDonalds need to focus on gaining the trust of their local customers, or they will be unsuccessful like their fellow-American competitors, KFC. References BANERJEE, Saikat, 2008. Dimensions of Indian culture, core cultural values, and marketing implications: An analysis. Cross Cultural Management : An International Journal, 15(4), pp.367-378. DANA, Leo Paul, 1999. Nirulas small business. British Food Journal, 101(5/6), pp.500-504. DANA, Leo and VIGNALI, Claudio, 1998. Introductory cases. British Food Journal, 100(2), pp.49-57. DANIELS, John D., RADEBAUGH, Lee H., and SULLIVAN, Daniel P., 2009. International Business: Environments and Operations. 12th ed. New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc. DOZ, Yves and PRAHALAD, C.K., 1984. Patterns of strategic control within multinational corporations. Journal of International Business Studies, 15(2), pp.55-72. CRAIG, Samuel C. and DOUGLAS, Susan P., 2006. Beyond national culture: implications of cultural dynamics for consumer research. International Marketing Review, 23(3), pp.322-342. CRAIG, Samuel C., DOUGLAS, Susan P., and BENNETT, Aronte, 2009. Contextual and cultural factors underlying Americanization. International Marketing Review, 26(1), pp.90-109. GOYAL, Anita and SINGH, N.P., 2007. Consumer perception about fast food in India: an exploratory study. British Food Journal, 109(2), pp.182-195. HARDING, Luke, 2000. Give me a Big Mac but hold the beef [online], available at The Guardian http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2000/dec/28/globalisation.lukeharding [accessed on 1/02/2010]. HARDING, Luke, 2001. Indian McAnger [online], available at The Guardian http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2001/may/07/globalisation.lukeharding [accessed on 1/02/2010]. HILL, Charles W. L., 2009. International Business: Competing in the Global Marketplace. 7th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. HILL, Charles, W.L., HWANG, Peter, and KIM, Chan W., 1990. An eclectic theory of the choice of international entry mode. Strategic Management Journal, 11(2), pp.117-128. McDonalds Corporation USA, 2010. About McDonalds [online], available at http://www.aboutmcdonalds.com [accessed on 25/01/2010]. McDonalds Corporation India, 2009. About McDonalds [online], available at http://www.mcdonaldsindia.com/aboutus.html [accessed on 26/01/2010]. McDonalds Corporation, 2008. McDonalds 2008 Annual Report [online], available at www.aboutmcdonalds.com [accessed on 29/01/2010]. MORRISON, Allen and BECK, John, 2000. Taking trouble: the key to effective global attention. Strategy Leadership, 28(2), pp.26-32. SHARMA, Somesh Kumar and SRINIVASAN, R., 2008. Perceptions of foreign players for effective positioning in India. Management Decision, 46(10), pp.1465-1481. RAWWAS, Mohammad Y.A., 2001. Culture, personality and morality: A typology international consumers ethical beliefs. International Marketing Review, 18(2), pp.188-209. VIGNALI, Claudio, 2001. McDonalds: think global, act local the marketing mix. British Food Journal, 103(2), pp.97-111.

The Primacy of Poetry: On Tita Chico’s The Arts of Beauty: Women’s Cos

On Tita Chico’s The Arts of Beauty: Women’s Cosmetics and Pope’s Ekphrasis In â€Å"The Arts of Beauty: Women’s Cosmetics and Pope’s Ekphrasis,† Tita Chico contends that ekphrastic representations of women in The Rape of the Lock and Epistle to a Lady indicate Pope’s privileging poetic artistry over the art of cosmetics. In both poems, Pope exploits the humiliation of a â€Å"cosmetically constructed woman† in an effort to assert the supremacy of his own artistic authority (Chico 4). Chico uses other scholars―Laura Brown, Christa Knellwolf, and Felicity Naussbaum chief among them―to anchor the origins of her argument, but she immediately addresses their respective limitations. She gently criticizes other scholars for privileging the purely social aspects of Rape, thereby neglecting the implications of Pope’s aesthetic form. Exploring poetic form with particular attention to ekphrastic representation and the mock-epic genre enables Chico to extrapolate social significance and assert that aesthetic c hoice signifies Pope’s concern regarding the inherent value of different arts. That is, Pope’s heavily ekphrastic method of female representation effectively demeans cosmetic artistry, while lionizing his art of the masterfully crafted poem. Pope sought to keep the art of beauty in check—alleges Chico—as the power of cosmetic beauty â€Å"[threatened] to emasculate the viewer† (11). Chico offers a compelling evaluation of the relationship between Pope and his subject, particularly in her discussion of To a Lady, where the primacy of poetry over physical beauty is most evident. Rather than looking at female portraits, reading Pope’s poetry is the best way to seek â€Å"truth† about women (18). Chico shrewdly asserts t... ...Chico reiterates in her conclusion that Pope scorned cosmetics on account of their capacity to grant women artistic agency and render them evermore beautiful. And, as Chico most successfully maintains, Pope repeatedly conveyed the limitations of physical splendor—artificial pretense and transience chief among them—while privileging the power of his own poetic capabilities. [1] Chico discusses the following works: John Gauden, seventeenth century author of A Discourse of Artificial Beauty and In Point of Conscience between Two Ladies, argued that cosmetics enabled women to display their piety and goodness; The Art of Beauty, a 1719 poem by J.B., borrows Belinda as a character and satirizes the utter fatuity of the cosmetic realm; Joseph Addison and Richard Steele’s 1711 Spectator 11 chastises cosmetics and derisively labels these artificial women â€Å"Picts† (5).

Determining the Accounting for Receivables from Officers and Directors Essay

Philadelphia Communications Inc. (â€Å"Philly†) is a public company that completed an initial public offering (IPO) a few months ago. John Sigar is the current CEO and member of the board of directors. He is the only family member involved in the business and owns significant amount of the company’s stock. While, we were doing audit testing for accounts receivable we came across number of Notes Receivable from several Mr Sigar’s cousins. They have taken advances frequently but never failed to pay when they came due. The notes are secured by shares of Philly’s convertible preferred stock, which were purchased by the family members following IPO. The receivable support provided by the client doesn’t specify interest payment terms for these notes. During our preparation to test accounts receivable we reviewed the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Accounting Standards Codifications (ASC) and identified special presentation and disclosure requirements for these sorts of receivables. We also reviewed above described situation from International Financial Reporting Standards’ (IFRS) standpoint. When determining the accounting for receivables from officers and directors, special treatment of these cases must be accorded. The case for Philly refers to related parties transactions, which would require special disclosure in the financial reports. The receivables that is provided by Philadelphia Communications Inc. does not give specification concerning both the terms of payment and the interest payable on these notes. Testing for Accounts Receivable in Philly Case. According to Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) codifications, there are a number of codification references that are applicable to the Philly case. One applicable reference is FASB ASC 850-10-50-1 on related party transactions. The FASB code 850 discusses the disclosures that are required to be made concerning related parties. This reference provides the legal and applicable definition of what related party transaction entails. This reference also outlines the disclosure that is required to be made. One of the disclosures is the nature of the involved relationship. The description of the transaction including the dollar amounts, period of transaction, amounts due, and the due date must be disclosed. Disclosing transactions in financial statements that were eliminated while preparing consolidated financial statements is not mandatory. FASB ASC 850-10-50-2 is another codification reference that is applicable to this case. This reference discusses the notes and accounts receivables. This is the principal and direct reference that relates to the Philly case in question. The notes and accounts receivable mentioned under this codification reference are particular to the employees, officers or other entities that are affiliated to the company. For the case of Philly, notes are transacted between Philadelphia Communications Inc. CEO and the cousins. FASB ASC 850-10-50-2 requires notes or accounts receivable from related parties to be separately shown. Any effects that arise from a change in method of determining the terms of transaction from the previous period must be disclosed. It states that this transaction should not be included under notes and accounts receivable general heading. Philadelphia Communications Inc. October 19, 2013 Page 2 Another applicable reference is FASB ASC 850-10-15-2. This codification reference stresses on the requirement that the guidelines on disclosure for related parties is applicable to all entities. It does not matter if it is a private entity or public company like in this case. The financial reports must provide disclosure for the transactions. FASB ASC 850-10-50-5 discusses issue concerning disclosure of transactions that occur at an arm’s length base. This reference states that it cannot be presumed that related parties’ transaction are undertaken on an arm’s length basis. This is because the market conditions that competitive and free might not exist. This describes the relationship evident in the case of Philly’s transaction with the CEO’s cousins. Any form of representations concerning CEO’s cousins and Philadelphia Communications Inc. does not mean that, the transactions were executed on terms applicable at arm’s length. It can only be presumed so if and only if the representations of the transactions can be substantiated. The company management should supply more additional information concerning the notes and receivable concerning related parties for further clarifications. The management should provide the names of the parties issued with the notes that are secured by convertible preferred stock purchased by family members. This is per the requirement of FASB ASC 850-10-50-4. The management should also provide information concerning related parties transactions to help in comparison of financial results with the past. The payments terms and the interest accruing to such notes and receivables should be specified and provided by Philly. IFRSs Standpoint. The International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) also recognises related party transactions. This is given as per the explanation under IFRS International Accounting Standards (IAS) 24. It describes a related party as involving an entity that is heavily influenced by a person transacting with a close family member. The Member of the family transacting with the entity must have significant influence on the person by the one having ownership in the company. For this case, the cousins have significant influence on the CEO of the company thus establishing a related party relationship. IFRS IAS 24 requires the firm to make certain disclosures. It requires that the total amount involved, and the nature of the transaction be disclosed in the financial statements. The outstanding amounts should also be revealed stating the terms and all conditions relating securing and settling of the notes and receivables. The disclosures should also include information regarding the guarantees made. The IFRS also demands that any provision made for doubtful debts arising from this transaction should be disclosed. Conclusion The Philadelphia Communications Inc. in its operation, have related party transactions. These transactions involve the issuance of notes to close relatives of the CEO of the company. The Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) requires that activities must be disclosed. The Philadelphia Communications Inc. October 19, 2013 Page 3 FASB has well explained the information that the management should consider when presenting their financial statements. The management should also improve its operations and provide further data concerning the parties they are regularly trading. Adoption of the FASB and IFRSs will ensure that all financial statements are truly and fairly presented. References FASB. Related Party Disclosures. Retrieved from Accounting Standards Codification: https://asc. fasb. org IASB. Related party disclosures. Retrieved from IFRS: http://www. ifrs. org