Thursday, November 28, 2019
Globalization and Behavioral Studies Essay Example
Globalization and Behavioral Studies Essay Globalization is considered as one of the biggest trends of today’s world. In the literal sense it is considered as the transformation of the entire local or in certain cases the regional phenomenon into global ones. A collective approach is usually used in the perspective of globalization and this phenomenon is described as a process in which the people of the world are unified together and they are collected and combined in a single society and such a society functions together. There are different trends that are used in globalization like technological, socio-cultural, economic, political forces and etc (Stiglitz, 2007). However, when an individual talk about globalization then emphasis is laid on the economic aspects of globalization and this aspect is usually related with the integration of economies and certain other aspects like foreign direct investment, mitigation, capital flows and etc are covered in this term. The history of globalization is wide and varied and this term was used by the economists since the 1980’s. Before 1980’s the term was widely used is the field of social sciences (Steger, 2009). Globalization although gained success in today’s world but it’s an ancient process which actually tracked the expansion of human race and the growth of civilization. The globalization is now considered as a modern term and in today’s world it is seen as a tool to increase strategic alliances and involve in collective trade which would ultimately decrease the chances of future war. Another stage of globalization led to the conference of Bretton Woods’s conference (Etizen, 2008). This conference is related to the economic integration of commerce and finance and how several institutions should integrate the process of globalization. We will write a custom essay sample on Globalization and Behavioral Studies specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Globalization and Behavioral Studies specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Globalization and Behavioral Studies specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Impact of globalization Globalization is usually considered as a novel idea and it is a phenomenon which the world is embracing. There are different positive effects of globalization and it is extremely beneficial for everyone in all the countries. The advantages of globalization are listed below:  ·Ã‚        The element of globalization forces the organizations and different businesses to compete on a global scale. The consumer on the other hand gains an advantage because of this and businesses are unable to control and monopolize the businesses because politicians and governments are there to control it.  ·Ã‚        Countries would specialize their specific sectors in which they are competitive and it is not necessary that all the manufacturing element would be done by Americans and Germans because if the Chinese are good at it and they offer lower rates then the manufacturing would be done by the Chinese.  ·Ã‚        Because of globalization consumers are the real winner and the consumers have the choice to buy good where they are cheap and they are not bound to buy the products of the their native land. In this scenario the consumers can get the best products at the best price and they can buy products even from China and India.  ·Ã‚        The element of prosperity is shared by everyone and before the concept of globalization China and India were poor countries and their standard of living were not good but after the globalization factor both the countries experience enormous growth and economic booms are experienced by both the countries (Peterson Bigelow, 2002). The most important fact is the consumer side that besides countries and manufacturers the customers are benefitting from the low cost and high quality products. These positive effects of globalization help the consumers and the manufacturers in both the short and the long run. The movement of globalization is pro-prosperity, anti-poverty and pro-free trade. This phenomenon of globalization is helping the developing world to raise the standard of living and both developing and developed countries are benefitting from this approach. However, certain individuals believe that besides the positive effects of globalization there are certain negative effects of globalization. These negative effects of globalization are stated below:  ·Ã‚        The phenomenon of globalization results in lesser job for the local individuals like for e.g. people in India are getting more and more jobs because of the boom of outsourcing sector but local Americans are losing their jobs and this would affect the economic conditions of America.  ·Ã‚        The labor forces are exploited by the phenomenon of globalization and child workers are used by different organizations to develop cheap products.  ·Ã‚        People are continuously facing the difficulties of job insecurity because of increased competition they are unaware of the fact that when their organization fires them.  ·Ã‚        Pollution is caused by different industries and these industries are operated in poor a country that is the reason why no legal regulations are faced by these organizations.  ·Ã‚        The biggest disadvantage of globalization is that the element of globalization is not universal and that is the reason why rich are getting richer and poor people are getting poorer because of this.  ·Ã‚        The cultural heritage of countries that are rich in cultures is affected through television and internet.  ·Ã‚        Globalization is also transforming the behaviors of individuals and there learning patterns and behaviors are shaped by foreign traditions, practices and cultures.  ·Ã‚        The element of human trafficking is increasing because of globalization.  ·Ã‚        The local industries of certain countries are affected by this phenomenon and they are taken over by multinational corporations. . Behavioral theories and globalization Globalization has different contexts and these contexts can be positive and negative. Similarly, globalization is closely linked with behavioral studies. All the behavioral theories are closely linked with the aspect of globalization. For e.g. behavioral learning theories believe that learning is closely linked with the change in behavior and this change in behavior occurs because of a continuous practice. These theories of behavioral learning are discussed below:  ·Ã‚        Contiguity theory  ·Ã‚        Classical conditioning theory or respondent conditioning. The theories of behavioral sciences are closely related with the concept of globalization and the impacts of these theories on individuals of the society are wide and varied. The impact and relationships of these three theories on globalization are discussed below: 1.     Contiguity theory The contiguity theory revolves around the principle that any stimulus and response element which is connected in certain time or space will be associated with something. This theory can be elaborated with an example that if a baseball player hits home runs when he is wearing a particular pairs of socks then he would associate the home runs with the pair of socks. Similarly, another example in this context would be related to the fact that if a student makes a good grade after implementing a new studying technique then he/she would relate the studying technique with the grade he/she scored. This technique is widely used by different individuals (Robbins Chatterjee, 2005). This contiguity theory can also be linked with the phenomenon of globalization. People have a mindset that foreign products are good in quality and if one foreign product performs well then they would relate the fact that foreign products are good in quality. Similarly, if globalization offers them a lower cost prod uct then certain individuals would believe that globalization is quite good for them because they are saving a lot of money because of globalization and it is offering them low cost products. 2.     Classical conditioning theory The first type of learning was actually discovered in the form of classical conditioning theory. This theory was formulated by a theorists named as Ivan Pavlov. This theory is also names as respondent learning theory. A certain involuntary action is related in this type of theory. For e.g. if air blows then the eyes of every individuals shuts down this behavior or reflective response is because of the past experiences and innate attitude (Zastrow Ashman, 2006). The phenomenon of globalization is linked with this theory and when an individual hears the elements globalization then a collective attribute comes in its mind that something collective is going to happen and no individual’s aspects are there to control this phenomenon and globalization is linked with the global aspect. Similarly, certain other advance objectives like mixing up the economies and having a collective currency also comes in mind when the work globalization is being heard. These globalization theories clearly depict that people are integrated with each other and the phenomenon of globalization offers the individual to collaborate with each other. The aspects of globalization are very important for the modern society and it clearly depicts the attributes of how people live with each other. The world is transforming into a global village just because of globalization and individuals from different countries understand the cultural heritage and norms of other cultures and traditions. Organizations are transforming themselves into mega enterprises and they are enlarging their vision through globalization and this approach is enhancing their profits. They are benefitting from it on both the short and the long run. Chinese culture and Indian culture is amalgamating with the cultures of other countries and westerns because of their products like dresses, food and etc are slowly and gradually depicting an adaptive behavior towards these cultures. The internet is also helping the societies and it helps different individuals and societies to break down the cultural boundaries by enabling easy way of communication. That is the reason why internet is directly linked with the process of cultural globalization and through internet the collaboration between individuals is that are far away from each other is possible. Globalization has drastically changed the living styles of different individuals and societies and in the current era it is possible that someone in America can be eating Japanese noodles wearing an Indian dress. The restaurants are offering culturally enriched food because of globalization because restaurants like McDonalds, Pizza Hut and etc believes that the customer base of their organ ization is quote wide and varied and they have to adopt new and modernized ways to cater their customers. Besides food certain other practices like meditation are also adopted by different cultures. For e.g. Americans before globalization don’t really believe in meditation but after globalization they have adopted this practice and different western countries are adopting the principles of meditation with the help of globalization (Lortie LeCroy, 2009). The culture of a certain society is considered as patterns of human activity and culture basically includes aspects like language, dressing, food, beliefs and etc. The advent of globalization has transformed the culture of different countries and the cultures of different countries are accessible to other societies and in this way the earth is shrinking and one can easily say that it is becoming a global village. In the current era globalization is considered as a debatable topic because certain individuals are accepting it and certain societies are rejecting it. However, a closer look at globalization suggests that it is helping the individuals, societies and different countries to come closer and coordinate with each other. This coordination would help these countries and individuals to attain their desired goals and objectives. Therefore, one can say that besides helping the individuals the phenomenon of globalization is linked with behavioral theories.
Sunday, November 24, 2019
buy custom Captivating Nursing Essay Examples on Patient Care Delivery
buy custom Captivating Nursing Essay Examples on Patient Care Delivery Nursing Essay Example on Patient Care Delivery Models Introduction In the recent past, the United States of America has been focusing on the health care delivery system restructuring in order to facilitate the provision of high-quality and affordable health care services to people. The continued restructuring of the health care delivery system has led to the creation of new jobs for nurses, and more nursing jobs are expected to be created in the future. According to Sullivan-Marx (2010), most of these nursing jobs are expected to be available in the community. On the other hand, nursing jobs in acute care hospitals are likely to decline considerably. In my view, the continued restructuring of the U.S. health care delivery system is likely to impact significantly the practice of nursing. The practice of nursing is likely to shift its focus from acute care hospitals to community-based health organizations. The reason for this is the development and implementation of new health care delivery models such as the continuum of care, Accountable Care Organi zations (ACOs), medical homes and nurse-managed health clinics.
Thursday, November 21, 2019
Leadership in Healthcare Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words
Leadership in Healthcare - Assignment Example Not only the women remained underrepresented in the top decision making circles, but there is also a limit and extent to the kind of leadership roles accessible to women (Lantz & Maryland, 2008). The irony is that gender inequality and underrepresentation is not a monolithic issue, but rather a multifaceted problem presenting varied key areas that need to be systematically addressed to augment and enhance gender equality in healthcare services. This white paper intends to assort and elaborate on certain key areas that not only constrain the empowerment and representation of women in healthcare services, but that need to be approached and addressed in a systematic and concerted manner at individual, institutional and policy making level to pave the way for a more inclusive and participatory work environment. The very identification of these key areas is the first and utterly pragmatic step in that direction. Envisaged in a much broader context, the women in healthcare services, as in other professional areas and avenues, do have to contend with the limitations attendant on them, ensuing from the stereotypical gender roles and patriarchal division of labor on the domestic front. Thereby, in a pragmatic context, the domestic events like child birth, taking care of a sick family member, attending to the aged family members, etc, do impact the career decisions and choices of women more drastically as compared to their male counterparts (Hauck, Bayes & Robertson, 2012, p. 178). For instance, in a majority of the households, the need to make work related adjustments like opting for less challenging professional positions, working part time or temporarily withdrawing from professional responsibilities upon child birth is more imminent on women as compared to men. Thereby, it is not a surprise that women end up getting underrepresented and underemployed in a health care scenario, in which the a venues for work life balance are tweaked in consonance with the
Wednesday, November 20, 2019
Stop kiss Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words
Stop kiss - Movie Review Example Live performances allow the audience to see how the actors undergo a sustained three-dimensional experience. In addition, the audience get to touch reality as presented by the actors and identify with some creativity in the artwork. This paper is a response to a performance of the â€Å"Stop Kiss†play. The play is about little triumphs of ordinary people in relationships. Diana Son who put the writings on the page reveals the secrets that befall a contemporary urban life of the mighty and politicians, who have to face a sour aftermath of their hate actions. The Garage Theatre made all this happen on the third Saturday of April 2012 at eight pm. You could read the excitement as the long waited moment of raising the curtains arrived. Garage theatre was celebrating ten years since its inception, which explained the big audience of the day. Callie and Sarah have recently met via a friend after Sarah has joined New York City. They realise that they share many commonalities in that they are in the process of self rediscovery after the diverse lives that are part of their past now. It is a tragedy that the two had a first kiss, which takes their friendship to another level and appears more of a love relationship. A late night walk in the park ends it all after their sight catches a vicious thug who beats Sarah into a coma. The performance was perfect with the audience laughing their hearts out all through the play. The audience encouraged the actors to do it better by laughing it off loudly in moments of humour. Great suspense rocked the audience as Bush and Beth Meticulously made their moves to deliver Diana’s message. Their voices were audible to every corner of the theatre, their movements good utilizing every part of the stage, and they acted professionally. As the play began I thought that the theme was on heterosexual behaviours of our society only to get a different meaning at the climax of the play.
Monday, November 18, 2019
The Piazza of San Marco Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words
The Piazza of San Marco - Essay Example The essay "The Piazza of San Marco" explores The Piazza of San Marco, the heart of Venice. This is where the famous Grand Canal, the largest canal in Venice takes its beginning from and where the most popular sights are located. The square is very old and has its roots as far back as in the ninth century. It was created then as a small space in front of the Saint Mark’s Basilica, and later, in 1777, it was extended and preserved its size up to nowadays. As we are to compare the condition of the Piazza in the Renaissance (approximately in the year 1500) and nowadays we should mark that, according to the information above, the square remained in its original size at the time of making the map of Jacobo de Barbari and the painting by Gentile Bellini. Nevertheless, i should be mentioned that in the painting of another artist, Giovanni Antonio Canal, square has the same look as in the modern times. To add more, it is notable that the square isn’t actually a square, it is a t rapezoid (Imboden).Regarding the general composition, the location of the buildings haven’t changed over centuries, but the details have. The architectural dominant of the Piazza is the Doge’s Palace, a building that used to serve as a residence for Venetian Doges. The palace is built in Italian gothic style. The first building appeared at that place back in the ninth century and looked as a fortress. In 976 this building was burned as a result of the rebellion, and later rebuilt in 1106. The major part of the modern palace.
Friday, November 15, 2019
McDonalds Corporation in India
McDonalds Corporation in India Organization; McDonalds is the worlds leading fast food chain with 31,000 local restaurants in 118 different countries and collectively serving more than 58 million people (www.aboutmcdonalds.com). Due to globalization and internationalization, the corporation established joint ventures, and later franchises, which enabled them to spread into other countries, like India. This turned McDonalds into a multi-billion dollar enterprise (McDonalds Annual Report 2008). Founded in 1937 by brothers Richard and Maurice McDonald, the fast food chain began as a drive-in restaurant in California (Vignali 2001). In 1954, Ray Croc saw an opportunity in the fast food market and initiated a deal with the brothers, giving him rights to franchise McDonalds in America (Vignali 2001). By 1965, there were over 700 McDonalds restaurants in the country and in 1967, the corporation went global by opening restaurants in Canada and Puerto Rico (www.aboutmcdonalds.com). Since then, an average of 4.2 new McDonalds restaurants is opened daily around the world (Hill 2009), one of which included Indias first McDonalds in Mumbai in 1996 (www.mcdonaldsindia.com). The American fast food chain is the focus of this report because of its increasing international presence in the world. The literature review covers an overview of the strategies and models that will help better understand McDonalds move into the Indian market. The discussion and analysis section will focus on McDonalds in particular and the challenges and competition the corporation faced in this new foreign market. Lastly, the report will conclude with recommendations on how and what McDonalds can do to better their performance in India. Literature Review Globalization refers to the growing interdependent relationships among people from different cultures and nations as physical and psychological walls collapse, barriers to the movement of trade, capital and people are blurred and modern technology is integrated (Daniels et. al. 2009; Hill 2009). This indicates the two main factors that drive globalization are the decline in barriers to the free flow of goods, services and capital, and the change in technology (Daniels et. al. 2009). Internationalization involves customizing business strategies depending on cultural, regional and national differences (Vignali 2001). Since the 20th century, more corporations have become global to create value for their organizations and to achieve competitive advantage. This was followed by the development of multinational enterprises or corporations (Daniels et. al. 2009). According to Vignali (2001), globalization involves marketing standardized products the same way everywhere, thus viewing the world as a single entity (Vignali 2001). However, the reality is that nations, cultures and people vary around the world. Corporations need more than just globalization to succeed in the international market. According to Taylor (see Vignali 2001), companies should think global, act local (Vignali 2001, p.98) by combining internationalization and globalization elements to create a competitive advantage. Entry Modes Determining the appropriate entry mode for a corporation is a complex task. Hill, Hwang and Kim (1990) state that different entry modes have different levels of control over foreign operations, in terms of managing operational and strategic decision-making. Some of the common entry modes used by global corporations are franchising and joint ventures (Hill 2009). Franchising is when a company, or franchisor, sells intangible property, like a trademark, to the franchisee with the stipulation that the franchisee abides the by the rules and conditions specified in the franchising contract (Hill 2009). The rules as to how franchisees operate a restaurant extends to control over the menu, cooking methods, staffing policies, and design and location. This is a common strategy approached by many fast food chains. By franchising to local people, the delivery and interpretation of something foreign is translated by the local people, in terms of both product and service (Vignali 2001), and the costs of running the business is cheaper. However, franchising may inhibit a corporation taking profits out of one country to support competitive attacks in another country (Hill 2009). Also, the quality of the brand in the foreign country may not be the same or up to par as the quality of the brand of products in the corporations native country, which is ultimately bad for business (Hill 2009). Joint venture is sharing ownership between two or more companies and the percentage of ownership varies from 50% to more or less (Daniels et. al. 2009). It has similar advantages as franchising but can have more problems, such as lack of control of technology (Hill 2009). When choosing the market it is important to consider long-term economic benefits including the market size, the present wealth of consumers in the market, and the future wealth of the consumers, which depends on the economic growth rate (Hill 2009). Hill (2009) argues the product value in the foreign market is another deciding factor. This depends on if the product is suitable to the market and the local competition. As they turn global, organizations are transformed in terms of their strategies, operations, management, marketing, and human and material resources and services (Daniels et. al. 2009). This is because foreign markets have different physical, social and competitive factors from the domestic market, and this affects the objectives and the strategy of the corporation (Daniels et. al. 2009). IR Model Companies that operate internationally face two forces: pressures for global integration and pressures for local responsiveness (Daniels et. al. 2009). In their research paper, Doz and Prahalad (1984) explain economic, technological and competitive conditions push global integration, whereas diversity in customer needs, distribution channels, media and trade barriers between countries push responsiveness. Research shows that the higher the pressure for global integration, the greater the need to maximize efficiency through standardization (Daniels et. al 2009). Customers accept standardized products and this reduces costs for the corporation (Daniels et. al 2009). But, international corporations are under pressure to adapt their operations to the local market conditions and local customer demands, as well as adhere to the policies mandated by host-country governments, which varies around the world (Daniels et. al. 2009).                The integration-responsiveness model, shown in figure 1, was initially developed by Prahalad and Doz in 1987 and then developed further by Bartlett and Ghoshal in 1989. It shows the interaction between global integration and local responsiveness (Daniels et. al. 2009). The IR model presents four strategies to guide how international corporations will enter and compete in the foreign market: international strategy, multidomestic strategy, global strategy and transnational strategy.                International strategy is adopted by corporations when they want to influence their core competencies by expanding into foreign markets. Secondly, a multidomestic corporation is locally responsive (Daniels et. al. 2009, p.475) as it allows each of its operations in foreign countries to act independently. The subsidiaries have the freedom to respond to the preferences of their local customers when designing, making and marketing products (Daniels et. al. 2009). A global strategy maximizes integration and it pushes a company to make a standardized product for a global market, such as shampoo. Lastly, transnational strategy differentiates capabilities and contributions from country to country allowing companies to learn from them. It endorses an integrated framework of technology, financial resources, creative ideas, and people (Daniels et. al. 2009). Culture                Hofstede, a key researcher in the subject, defines culture as the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from another (see Hill 2009, p.89). Banerjee (2008) adds it is a set of values, ideas, artefacts, and other meaningful symbols that shape our attitudes and actions. Globalization has given rise to a new concept of no-border (Banerjee 2008, p.368) world. Cultures merge, change and evolve as people move around the world; this has increased rapidly due to improved technology, the birth of the internet and expanding networks of interpersonal and mass communications (Craig and Douglas 2006). As mentioned earlier in this report, corporations become international to create value and gain competitive advantage. One means of doing this is by promoting cultural diversity (Daniels et. al. 2009) as people from diverse backgrounds and experiences are brought together. When divergent cultures come in contact, cultural collision takes place. In adjacent to this theory of cultural collision, Craig, Douglas and Bennett (2009) introduce Americanization, a type of internationalization, which refers to the spread of American culture through US corporations. Establishing a global platform allows individuals and organizations to interact with each other, regardless of time, space and language. Globalization leads to plenty of opportunities, but it has also gives rise to challenges. Mayo (see Rawwas 2000) found that first-time exporters often fail as they try to expand internationally is because they were unable to understand cultural differences and foreign business practices. Rawwas (2000) concludes that an enhanced sensitivity to cultural variables is needed (p.203) for understanding the needs of international customers and making the necessary decisions to meet them. Discussion and Analysis                McDonalds has been operating in India since 1996 and has a total of 160 restaurants nationwide (www.mcdonaldsindia.com). Its strategy is to achieve best value by offering the best quality, while prices are kept reasonable (www.mcdonaldsindia.com). McDonalds success is attributed to its commitment to deliver quality, service, cleanliness and value to customers, increasing the number of outlets to improve convenience, and finally, its investment in supplier development, training and people (www.mcdonaldsindia.com). Entry Modes The growth of the emerging Indian market is attributed to the resurgence in manufacturing sector, growth in service sector, and bigger foreign investments (Sharma and Srinivasan 2008), as well as technological changes, GDP growth, and increase in literacy and income levels (Dana and Vignali 1998). Sharma and Srinivasan (2008) list Indias infrastructure, its economic development, market size, present and future wealth of consumers, and consumer culture as the main attraction for foreign investors. Hill (2009) and other researchers specify Indias large and relatively prosperous middle class of around 100 million (Harding 2000) was a main attraction for McDonalds. In addition, Sharma and Srinivasan (2008) state the expectation of India to be one of the top three economies in the world by 2050, along with China and USA also presented ample opportunities for the American corporation. It was a major risk on McDonalds part as India is the only country where the fast food giant does not include beef in its product, McDonalds primary raw material (Harding 2000). In conjunction with Sharma and Srinivasan, Morrison and Beck (2000) add that the costs and risks associated with doing business in India are lower because it is an economically advanced and politically stable democratic (Hill 2009, p.489) nation and it is cheaper for McDonalds to use local raw materials (Morrison and Beck 2000). Prior to its entry into India, the corporation was involved with local suppliers to ensure they were able to generate the right quality and quantity of raw materials required for production. These included potato farms in Gujarat, Trikaya Agriculture for lettuce, Dyanmix Dairy for cheese, and Vista Processed Foods for chicken and vegetables (www.mcdonaldsindia.com). McDonalds also developed a cold chain network, which keeps raw materials fresh as they are moved from the farms to the restaurants at the lowest possible costs. This unique network benefits the local farmers, while at the same time, gives customers high quality food products that are fresh and of great value (www.mcdonaldsindia.com). Goyal and Singh (2007) insist that although traditionally, Indians prefer home-cooked meals, there has been a shift in the food consumption patterns due to westernization. Indians were more receptive to international food and eating out at restaurants (Goyal and Singh 2007). According to worldwatch.org (see Goyal and Singh 2007, p.184), Indias fast food industry is growing by 40% each year. Prior to the entry of international fast food outlets, Goyal and Singh (2007) reveal that Nirulas was a popular domestic fast food provider. The British Wimpys was the first international fast food chain to enter the Indian market in 1984 and were an instant success. Except for Wimpys and later KFC, India was not home to many fast food outlets in the mid-1990s, and the McDonalds Corporation felt they could give something extra to the Indian customers (Goyal and Singh 2007). McDonalds entry into India was initially done through joint-venture companies: M.D. Hardcastle Restaurants Pvt. Ltd. heads up the restaurants in west and south India, while those in the north and east are managed by Connaught Plaza Restaurant Pvt. Ltd. (www.mcdonaldsindia.com). However, this is unlike Vignali (2001) and Hill (2009) who indicate that McDonalds growth and international success is attributed to using the franchising strategy (Hill 2009, p.498). McDonalds allows local firms in India to use its brand name as long as they stick to the franchising contract. They also organize the supply chain for its franchisees and provide management training and financial assistance (Hill 2009). As mentioned in the literature review, maintaining the expected quality of McDonalds products throughout its outlets in India is a challenge (Hill 2009). One way in which they handle this is by establishing a master franchisee (Hill 2009, p.498). This is where the joint venture McDonalds has established with the two local firms is crucial. The managers of the firms, who have been trained at McDonalds Hamburger University in America, head up the two master franchisee and oversee the operations in all McDonalds outlets in India (www.mcdonaldsindia.com; Hill 2009). It can be argued that the American fast food giant initially entered the Indian market through joint-ventures, but then later spread all over the country through franchises. Hill (2009) continues that, through joint ventures and franchising, McDonalds benefits from the local partners knowledge of the countrys competitive conditions, culture, and language, and the corporation is also relieved of the costs and risks of opening in the foreign market on their own; instead, the franchisee assumes all the responsibilities. By using this strategy, McDonalds was able to expand rapidly at a relatively low cost and risk (Hill 2009). IR Model McDonalds adopted the international strategy through franchising to push their core competencies in the Indian market and to customize their products and services to the local customer demands (Hill 2009). This way the corporation relies on local subsidiaries in India to stick to the regulations of running McDonalds and ensure the standardizing of its products and services (Daniels et. al. 2009). However, the Indian market is culturally diverse, so complete standardization within an international scale is impossible. Dana and Vignali (1998) argue that standardization is cheaper, but success is often a function of being able to adapt to an environment (p.50). McDonalds standardizes as much as possible to reduce costs, but they are aware of cultural differences and have adopted the concept of think global, act local (Vignali 2001, p.99). According to Hill (2009), international strategy provides the subsidiaries with some freedom, but the primary control resides with managers at the headquarters in America. Multidomestic strategy, on the other hand, allows McDonalds in India to act independently from its counterparts in America. The Indian subsidiaries are granted the authority to design, make and market new products that directly respond to the local customers preferences (Hill 2009). McDonalds does not use beef because the cow is worshipped by the local Hindu population. In fact, possession of beef could result in five years jail time (Dana and Vignali 1998). Thus, the corporation completely removed beef from all its products, as well as pork for the Muslims (Harding 2001). Instead of the ever-popular Big Macs found in the west, McDonalds in India serves Maharaja Macs made from mutton, spicy vegetarian rice patties (Morrison and Beck 2000), chicken burgers, vegetarian McAloo Tikki burgers, containing potatoes, and vegetarian pizza puffs all designed to draw in the Indian middle-class (Harding 2001; Vignali 2001). Customers in India have different preferences due to cultural and religious differences, so McDonalds is required to modify and adapt their products and services as according to the local demand. Therefore, as indicated in figure 2, McDonalds strategy is positioned between the international and multidomestic quadrant. Culture Craig, Douglas and Bennett (2009) state in their article that as that the opening on McDonalds in India is a reflection of the American culture spreading. The Indian public have mixed feelings about the companys presence in the country. Usually, the younger generation, particularly, the college-going crowd and high school students from the middle-class enjoy the new taste. However, many of them argue that McDonalds food is badexpensiveun-Indian (Harding 2001). Food ingredients are not the only things McDonalds had to modify. They learned the hard way to be aware of the religious belief and value of Hindus, Jains, Muslims and Christians in the country and adapt to each. Dana and Vignali (1998) recount an incident in the late 1990s that arose when McDonalds printed two million bags illustrating the flags of 24 competitors of a football championship. The problem was that the Saudi Arabias flag contained the religious words: There is no God but Allah, and Mohammad is his prophet (Dana and Vignali 1998, p.50). This angered the large Hindu population in the country and caused a scandal, affecting McDonalds reputation. Competition McDonalds key competitor is KFC, another American fast food giant. KFC entered the Indian market a year before McDonalds and there were problems from the start. The corporation would fatten its chicken on maize, but this was also a source of nutrition for the poor in India. They were getting less and less maize and could not even afford to eat at KFC (Dana and Vignali 1998). The Karnataka Farmers Association went on riots to demonstrate their protest and anger at the corporation, and it eventually culminated with KFC losing their permit in the southern state (Dana and Vignali 1998). KFC restaurants in India are limited and many of them have faced issues, such as unsanitary conditions (Dana and Vignali 1998, p.51).                Another competitor in India for McDonalds is the British fast food chain, Wimpys (Dana 1999). They are the only international fast food conglomerate who has been in India the longest. Their growth has been slowed down over the years due to the number of international fast food chains entering India, but they frequently expand and reinvent their menus with Indian dishes to attract Indian customers (Goyal and Singh 2007). Although McDonalds has done comparatively better than KFC in India, the former faced plenty of challenges too. In the following section, recommendations are given on how McDonalds can improve their performance in subcontinent. Recommendations and Conclusion                Early 2000, McDonalds faced a lot of problems and the local population were dissatisfied with the corporations presence in the country. The problems stemmed from the corporations lack of understanding about cultural and religious beliefs in India. This shows a sign of lack of faith and lack of trust, particularly after rumours of beef fat in cooking oil used by the French McDonalds (Harding 2001) set of angry protests in India. Delhis managing director for McDonalds insists the outlets in India do not use beef extracts, but since the McDonalds empire was built on beef products, some Indians find it hard to believe that the local outlets do not use beef extracts (Harding 2001).                It is a delicate situation and a hard problem to solve when religion and cultural beliefs are involved. The best thing McDonalds can do to keep business flowing in India is by building up consumer trust in the Indian market. By establishing a strategic alliance between domestic competitors, like Nirulas, customers might be influenced into eating at McDonalds (Hill 2009). This collaboration would encourage McDonalds to develop more Indian-friendly products, like curries, that fit the tastes of the local demand, and it might present the American corporation in a more favourable light. McDonalds is a popular fast food chain found all over the world. Entering into the Indian market was a brave move and it set new challenges for the corporation due to cultural, religious and ethical differences in the country. McDonalds are still facing problems, but for the most part they have managed to attract a part of the Indian population, fascinated by this western culture. In conclusion, despite the blurring of the physical boundaries between India and America, cultural factors still affect Indian customers buying habits (Banerjee 2008) and McDonalds need to focus on gaining the trust of their local customers, or they will be unsuccessful like their fellow-American competitors, KFC. References BANERJEE, Saikat, 2008. Dimensions of Indian culture, core cultural values, and marketing implications: An analysis. Cross Cultural Management : An International Journal, 15(4), pp.367-378. DANA, Leo Paul, 1999. Nirulas small business. British Food Journal, 101(5/6), pp.500-504. DANA, Leo and VIGNALI, Claudio, 1998. Introductory cases. British Food Journal, 100(2), pp.49-57. DANIELS, John D., RADEBAUGH, Lee H., and SULLIVAN, Daniel P., 2009. International Business: Environments and Operations. 12th ed. New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc. DOZ, Yves and PRAHALAD, C.K., 1984. Patterns of strategic control within multinational corporations. Journal of International Business Studies, 15(2), pp.55-72. CRAIG, Samuel C. and DOUGLAS, Susan P., 2006. Beyond national culture: implications of cultural dynamics for consumer research. International Marketing Review, 23(3), pp.322-342. CRAIG, Samuel C., DOUGLAS, Susan P., and BENNETT, Aronte, 2009. Contextual and cultural factors underlying Americanization. International Marketing Review, 26(1), pp.90-109. GOYAL, Anita and SINGH, N.P., 2007. Consumer perception about fast food in India: an exploratory study. British Food Journal, 109(2), pp.182-195. HARDING, Luke, 2000. Give me a Big Mac but hold the beef [online], available at The Guardian http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2000/dec/28/globalisation.lukeharding [accessed on 1/02/2010]. HARDING, Luke, 2001. Indian McAnger [online], available at The Guardian http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2001/may/07/globalisation.lukeharding [accessed on 1/02/2010]. HILL, Charles W. L., 2009. International Business: Competing in the Global Marketplace. 7th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. HILL, Charles, W.L., HWANG, Peter, and KIM, Chan W., 1990. An eclectic theory of the choice of international entry mode. Strategic Management Journal, 11(2), pp.117-128. McDonalds Corporation USA, 2010. About McDonalds [online], available at http://www.aboutmcdonalds.com [accessed on 25/01/2010]. McDonalds Corporation India, 2009. About McDonalds [online], available at http://www.mcdonaldsindia.com/aboutus.html [accessed on 26/01/2010]. McDonalds Corporation, 2008. McDonalds 2008 Annual Report [online], available at www.aboutmcdonalds.com [accessed on 29/01/2010]. MORRISON, Allen and BECK, John, 2000. Taking trouble: the key to effective global attention. Strategy Leadership, 28(2), pp.26-32. SHARMA, Somesh Kumar and SRINIVASAN, R., 2008. Perceptions of foreign players for effective positioning in India. Management Decision, 46(10), pp.1465-1481. RAWWAS, Mohammad Y.A., 2001. Culture, personality and morality: A typology international consumers ethical beliefs. International Marketing Review, 18(2), pp.188-209. VIGNALI, Claudio, 2001. McDonalds: think global, act local the marketing mix. British Food Journal, 103(2), pp.97-111.
Wednesday, November 13, 2019
The Primacy of Poetry: On Tita Chico’s The Arts of Beauty: Women’s Cos
On Tita Chico’s The Arts of Beauty: Women’s Cosmetics and Pope’s Ekphrasis In â€Å"The Arts of Beauty: Women’s Cosmetics and Pope’s Ekphrasis,†Tita Chico contends that ekphrastic representations of women in The Rape of the Lock and Epistle to a Lady indicate Pope’s privileging poetic artistry over the art of cosmetics. In both poems, Pope exploits the humiliation of a â€Å"cosmetically constructed woman†in an effort to assert the supremacy of his own artistic authority (Chico 4). Chico uses other scholars―Laura Brown, Christa Knellwolf, and Felicity Naussbaum chief among them―to anchor the origins of her argument, but she immediately addresses their respective limitations. She gently criticizes other scholars for privileging the purely social aspects of Rape, thereby neglecting the implications of Pope’s aesthetic form. Exploring poetic form with particular attention to ekphrastic representation and the mock-epic genre enables Chico to extrapolate social significance and assert that aesthetic c hoice signifies Pope’s concern regarding the inherent value of different arts. That is, Pope’s heavily ekphrastic method of female representation effectively demeans cosmetic artistry, while lionizing his art of the masterfully crafted poem. Pope sought to keep the art of beauty in checkâ€â€alleges Chicoâ€â€as the power of cosmetic beauty â€Å"[threatened] to emasculate the viewer†(11). Chico offers a compelling evaluation of the relationship between Pope and his subject, particularly in her discussion of To a Lady, where the primacy of poetry over physical beauty is most evident. Rather than looking at female portraits, reading Pope’s poetry is the best way to seek â€Å"truth†about women (18). Chico shrewdly asserts t... ...Chico reiterates in her conclusion that Pope scorned cosmetics on account of their capacity to grant women artistic agency and render them evermore beautiful. And, as Chico most successfully maintains, Pope repeatedly conveyed the limitations of physical splendorâ€â€artificial pretense and transience chief among themâ€â€while privileging the power of his own poetic capabilities. [1] Chico discusses the following works: John Gauden, seventeenth century author of A Discourse of Artificial Beauty and In Point of Conscience between Two Ladies, argued that cosmetics enabled women to display their piety and goodness; The Art of Beauty, a 1719 poem by J.B., borrows Belinda as a character and satirizes the utter fatuity of the cosmetic realm; Joseph Addison and Richard Steele’s 1711 Spectator 11 chastises cosmetics and derisively labels these artificial women â€Å"Picts†(5).
Sunday, November 10, 2019
Determining the Accounting for Receivables from Officers and Directors Essay
Philadelphia Communications Inc. (â€Å"Philly†) is a public company that completed an initial public offering (IPO) a few months ago. John Sigar is the current CEO and member of the board of directors. He is the only family member involved in the business and owns significant amount of the company’s stock. While, we were doing audit testing for accounts receivable we came across number of Notes Receivable from several Mr Sigar’s cousins. They have taken advances frequently but never failed to pay when they came due. The notes are secured by shares of Philly’s convertible preferred stock, which were purchased by the family members following IPO. The receivable support provided by the client doesn’t specify interest payment terms for these notes. During our preparation to test accounts receivable we reviewed the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Accounting Standards Codifications (ASC) and identified special presentation and disclosure requirements for these sorts of receivables. We also reviewed above described situation from International Financial Reporting Standards’ (IFRS) standpoint. When determining the accounting for receivables from officers and directors, special treatment of these cases must be accorded. The case for Philly refers to related parties transactions, which would require special disclosure in the financial reports. The receivables that is provided by Philadelphia Communications Inc. does not give specification concerning both the terms of payment and the interest payable on these notes. Testing for Accounts Receivable in Philly Case. According to Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) codifications, there are a number of codification references that are applicable to the Philly case. One applicable reference is FASB ASC 850-10-50-1 on related party transactions. The FASB code 850 discusses the disclosures that are required to be made concerning related parties. This reference provides the legal and applicable definition of what related party transaction entails. This reference also outlines the disclosure that is required to be made. One of the disclosures is the nature of the involved relationship. The description of the transaction including the dollar amounts, period of transaction, amounts due, and the due date must be disclosed. Disclosing transactions in financial statements that were eliminated while preparing consolidated financial statements is not mandatory. FASB ASC 850-10-50-2 is another codification reference that is applicable to this case. This reference discusses the notes and accounts receivables. This is the principal and direct reference that relates to the Philly case in question. The notes and accounts receivable mentioned under this codification reference are particular to the employees, officers or other entities that are affiliated to the company. For the case of Philly, notes are transacted between Philadelphia Communications Inc. CEO and the cousins. FASB ASC 850-10-50-2 requires notes or accounts receivable from related parties to be separately shown. Any effects that arise from a change in method of determining the terms of transaction from the previous period must be disclosed. It states that this transaction should not be included under notes and accounts receivable general heading. Philadelphia Communications Inc. October 19, 2013 Page 2 Another applicable reference is FASB ASC 850-10-15-2. This codification reference stresses on the requirement that the guidelines on disclosure for related parties is applicable to all entities. It does not matter if it is a private entity or public company like in this case. The financial reports must provide disclosure for the transactions. FASB ASC 850-10-50-5 discusses issue concerning disclosure of transactions that occur at an arm’s length base. This reference states that it cannot be presumed that related parties’ transaction are undertaken on an arm’s length basis. This is because the market conditions that competitive and free might not exist. This describes the relationship evident in the case of Philly’s transaction with the CEO’s cousins. Any form of representations concerning CEO’s cousins and Philadelphia Communications Inc. does not mean that, the transactions were executed on terms applicable at arm’s length. It can only be presumed so if and only if the representations of the transactions can be substantiated. The company management should supply more additional information concerning the notes and receivable concerning related parties for further clarifications. The management should provide the names of the parties issued with the notes that are secured by convertible preferred stock purchased by family members. This is per the requirement of FASB ASC 850-10-50-4. The management should also provide information concerning related parties transactions to help in comparison of financial results with the past. The payments terms and the interest accruing to such notes and receivables should be specified and provided by Philly. IFRSs Standpoint. The International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) also recognises related party transactions. This is given as per the explanation under IFRS International Accounting Standards (IAS) 24. It describes a related party as involving an entity that is heavily influenced by a person transacting with a close family member. The Member of the family transacting with the entity must have significant influence on the person by the one having ownership in the company. For this case, the cousins have significant influence on the CEO of the company thus establishing a related party relationship. IFRS IAS 24 requires the firm to make certain disclosures. It requires that the total amount involved, and the nature of the transaction be disclosed in the financial statements. The outstanding amounts should also be revealed stating the terms and all conditions relating securing and settling of the notes and receivables. The disclosures should also include information regarding the guarantees made. The IFRS also demands that any provision made for doubtful debts arising from this transaction should be disclosed. Conclusion The Philadelphia Communications Inc. in its operation, have related party transactions. These transactions involve the issuance of notes to close relatives of the CEO of the company. The Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) requires that activities must be disclosed. The Philadelphia Communications Inc. October 19, 2013 Page 3 FASB has well explained the information that the management should consider when presenting their financial statements. The management should also improve its operations and provide further data concerning the parties they are regularly trading. Adoption of the FASB and IFRSs will ensure that all financial statements are truly and fairly presented. References FASB. Related Party Disclosures. Retrieved from Accounting Standards Codification: https://asc. fasb. org IASB. Related party disclosures. Retrieved from IFRS: http://www. ifrs. org
Friday, November 8, 2019
Job
Job Job After someone reads this book on this poor man how can anyone not feel sympathy for him. The point of the story, which I assume is taught at church, is that this mans belief in god is so strong that even losing everything that he had wouldn't he would never lose that faith. After losing his family, his animals, and his health he still stayed strong. Was all this right? Is this the right way to teach that you should always have faith even when you have nothing and are in the worst health? This wasn't something that just happened to him; these awful things were put on him to prove a point to Satan and Job. Playing with someone to prove a point isn't exactly the way to show the way something is especially to someone as unimportant as Satan is. The representation of sin and evil shouldn't get the opportunity to do such things to someone even if this man was going to receive all he had lost and then some for this suffering.Job's Peak
Wednesday, November 6, 2019
Winds and the Pressure Gradient Force
Winds and the Pressure Gradient Force Wind is the movement of air across the Earth’s surface and is produced by differences in air pressure between one place to another. Wind strength can vary from a light breeze to hurricane force and is measured with the Beaufort Wind Scale. Winds are named from the direction from which they originate. For example, a westerly is a wind coming from the west and blowing toward the east. Wind speed is measured with an anemometer and its direction is determined with a wind vane. Since wind is produced by differences in air pressure, it is important to understand that concept when studying wind as well. Air pressure is created by the motion, size, and number of gas molecules present in the air. This varies based on the temperature and density of the air mass. In 1643, Evangelista Torricelli, a student of Galileo developed the mercury barometer to measure air pressure after studying water and pumps in mining operations. Using similar instruments today, scientists are able to measure normal sea level pressure at about 1013.2 millibars (force per square meter of surface area). The Pressure Gradient Force and Other Effects on Wind Within the atmosphere, there are several forces that impact the speed and direction of winds. The most important though is the Earth’s gravitational force. As gravity compresses the Earth’s atmosphere, it creates air pressure- the driving force of wind. Without gravity, there would be no atmosphere or air pressure and thus, no wind. The force actually responsible for causing the movement of air though is the pressure gradient force. Differences in air pressure and the pressure gradient force are caused by the unequal heating of the Earth’s surface when incoming solar radiation concentrates at the equator. Because of the energy surplus at low latitudes for example, the air there is warmer than that at the poles. Warm air is less dense and has a lower barometric pressure than the cold air at high latitudes. These differences in barometric pressure are what create the pressure gradient force and wind as air constantly moves between areas of high and low pressure. To show wind speeds, the pressure gradient is plotted onto weather maps using isobars mapped between areas of high and low pressure. Bars spaced far apart represent a gradual pressure gradient and light winds. Those closer together show a steep pressure gradient and strong winds. Finally, the Coriolis force and friction both significantly affect wind across the globe. The Coriolis force makes wind deflect from its straight path between high and low-pressure areas and the friction force slows wind down as it travels over the Earth’s surface. Upper Level Winds Within the atmosphere, there are different levels of air circulation. However, those in the middle and upper troposphere are an important part of the entire atmospheres air circulation. To map these circulation patterns upper air pressure maps use 500 millibars (mb) as a reference point. This means that the height above sea level is only plotted in areas with an air pressure level of 500 mb. For example, over an ocean 500 mb could be 18,000 feet into the atmosphere but over land, it could be 19,000 feet. By contrast, surface weather maps plot pressure differences based at a fixed elevation, usually sea level. The 500 mb level is important for winds because by analyzing upper-level winds, meteorologists can learn more about weather conditions at the Earth’s surface. Frequently, these upper-level winds generate the weather and wind patterns at the surface. Two upper-level wind patterns that are important to meteorologists are Rossby waves and the jet stream. Rossby waves are significant because they bring cold air south and warm air north, creating a difference in air pressure and wind. These waves develop along the jet stream. Local and Regional Winds In addition to low and upper-level global wind patterns, there are various types of local winds around the world. Land-sea breezes that occur on most coastlines are one example. These winds are caused by the temperature and density differences of air over land versus water but are confined to coastal locations. Mountain-valley breezes are another localized wind pattern. These winds are caused when mountain air cools quickly at night and flows down into valleys. In addition, valley air gains heat quickly during the day and it rises upslope creating afternoon breezes. Some other examples of local winds include Southern California’s warm and dry Santa Ana Winds, the cold and dry mistral wind of France’s Rhà ´ne Valley, the very cold, usually dry bora wind on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea, and the Chinook winds in North America. Winds can also occur on a large regional scale. One example of this type of wind would be katabatic winds. These are winds caused by gravity and are sometimes called drainage winds because they drain down a valley or slope when dense, cold air at high elevations flows downhill by gravity. These winds are usually stronger than mountains of katabatic winds are those that blow off of Antarctica and Greenland’s vast ice sheets. The seasonally shifting monsoonal winds found over Southeast Asia, Indonesia, India, northern Australia, and equatorial Africa are another example of regional winds because they are confined to the larger region of the tropics as opposed to just India for example. Whether winds are local, regional, or global, they are an important component to atmospheric circulation and play an important role in human life on Earth as their flow across vast areas is capable of moving weather, pollutants, and other airborne items worldwide.
Monday, November 4, 2019
Strategic management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 8
Strategic management - Essay Example (Florio, 2003) In 1981 the British Telecommunications Act separated BT from the Post Office and began the process of liberalization. Consequently in 1982, Mercury, an ancillary of Cable and Wireless, was certified as a national fixed line network operator became a competitor of BT. In 1983 the government declared its duopoly policy which stated that the only telecom service providers for fixed lines in the nation would be BT and Mercury for the coming 7 years. (Summanen, and Pollitt, 2003p.2) In 1982 the government planned to privatize BT. In 1984 the plan was executed and BT was privatized: 50.2% of its stakes were sold to the public. The creation of Oftel under the Telecommunications Act 1984 after BT’s privatization, finally led to the separation of its regulatory and operational functions. The privatization of BT in 1984 showed signs of a new structure of the telecom industry that could fare better in a competitive framework than in the public sector. The need for investment in the operations and services and customer orientation was acknowledged. (BT’s response, 2005, p.7) The duopoly stage of BT, from 1984 to 1990, led to a soft landing into competition. Even though BT sold its manufacturing units shortly after its privatization, the number of employees grew from1984 to1990. (Summanen, Pollitt, 2003, p.4) In 1987 Iain Vallance was selected as the chairman of BT. The initial reorganization of British telecom as an integrated telecommunications corporation was made in the early 1990s. In April 1991, BT came up with a different business structure, which was the outcome of a yearlong reorganization. BT’s new establishment concentrated on definite market sectors to satisfy the needs of a variety of customers- individuals, small companies, and MNCs. At the same time, the objective of achieving a leading position as a global telecommunications operator was laid down.
Friday, November 1, 2019
What's your point of view Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
What's your point of view - Essay Example Video games function in a manner that an actual game in a real world is computer programmed and hardware is made, which aid in controlling the application. The world has witnessed an exponential growth of video and computer games all over the world. Almost all children in developed countries have witnessed or experienced how video games function. Instead of buying regular toys for children, parents nowadays buy their children video games since they are extremely popular (Schlimme 1). Video and computer games have many advantages. These include; improving cognitive skills in children who play these video games. Video and computer games have proved to be kits that instill motivation in children, as it is required that they play and advance to the next phase or level, which is more thrilling and interesting. Video and computer games are beneficial in the field of medicine because they are applied as part of therapy for patients with physical injuries (Medoff & Kaye 72). In physiotherapy, the games aid patients in developing motor skills and coordination. The extent to which a child or an individual concentrates when playing a game is known to relieve the child or individual’s mind from any psychological suffering or pain. Video and computer games are also educational materials as they can help in learning some math problems and language skills. Ultimately, video and computer games are main sources of psychological motivation since they put the players throug h feats, which they have to survive with the objective of moving to the next phase or level (Godara 102). As much as video and computer games are beneficial to the children and adults who play them, they have some elements, which display their detrimental nature. The great numbers of video and computer games that have themes of violence create a great havoc on the individuals who experience these games. These individuals are likely to behave in an
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)