Kesey and Plath: A New American Myth :: Biography Biographies Essays

Kesey and Plath: A New American Myth A mutual friend sets up Ken Kesey and Sylvia Plath on a blind date. They meet in a Boston restaurant and discover they're both writers. Describe the ensuing conversation. Sept. 3, 1955 (from Sylvia's diary) It must have been some terrible mistake. Mother set me up with a certain Ken Kesey, a friend of a friend of the family. Terrible! We met at a restaurant on Harvard Square and it went downhill from there. I came home alright, but barely. I guess I can start from the beginning... Ken is large and very open with his body and gestures. He's from California, which could explain that. He dressed very casually and he had a crazy look in his eyes when he saw me. I don't know if he was happy to be there either. Apparently he goes to Stanford and is studying creative writing. I asked him about his writing and he started a whole speech on psychiatric wards and medications. I didn't want to hear a word about psychiatric wards, but he certainly got my interest. He volunteers to do experiments for money. I can't imagine going through what I went through voluntarily... I did venture to ask him why he was writing about hospitals and he looked very closely at me and said, "You've been there. I know." And he did. He was seeing inside me, all the way inside, and it was the most uncomfortable silence I've ever had. I mumbled an accusation and as soon as it came out, I knew my mother hadn't told him about all that. Dinner went alright, barring the conversation about hospitals. We walked around the square and by the river for awhile and then he invited me to his hotel room and I said no, but I really wanted to leave with him. I've been so bottled up for days... I wanted to do something different. We sat down facing Cambridge and he looked at me again, intently and laughed... "It's all black, isn't it? Then everything shuts down." Ken looked off toward the river. He started to laugh again. "I don't know what you're talking about." Sylvia put her knees closer together. Uncomfortable. "When they throw the switch. When it all shakes and then you black out. Then you can't think for days.

Hedda gabler Essay

Drama has no single definition and does not have a common meaning that can be applied to the wide range of texts, plays, acts, and various others that can be called drama. However, drama is â€Å"by far the most economical means of expression† (Esslin, 1976). The subjects expressed in drama are extensive and diverse and can be declared dramatically or subtly. A common and almost essential subject matter expressed in drama is the representation of social issues. Drama can be manipulated and used as a powerful political weapon; as propaganda. Indeed, during periods such as war, cinema and theatre were used commonly as a form of propaganda in order to gain the attention and support of the public. Perhaps then, drama’s representation of social issues differs from that of propaganda only in the way drama is used. Propaganda’s representation of social issues is often limited because of it being censored, controlled, in the hands of mainly the government. Its purpose is to persuade and convince a targeted audience of a central idea. Nonetheless, it can reflect social issues such as poverty, war, famine, or perhaps equality, democracy, peace. In Ibsen’s play Hedda Gabler, Ibsen is able to use this piece of drama as a tool to comment on social values and issues; these issues being about women and their place in a ‘double-standard society’. His message is subtle but strong. While this piece of drama represents a substantial social issue, it could also be used as propaganda to argue Ibsen’s views on women. Subsequently, Hedda Gabler, as a piece of drama representing social issues, differs only from the way propaganda may have represented it in that it is drama and its aim is to express not persuade. It also differs in the way it is used: as drama or as propaganda. The diverse forms of drama are able to express many different themes and issues, including many different social issues. These include marriage, gender and sexual equality, politics, war, crime, racism and discrimination, poverty, religion, and class division. Drama is a universal form of expression and communication that can contribute to social changes by the issues it discusses. The social issues that drama represents can often be controversial and the author, playwright, or poet must try to either convince the audience of the argument they are trying to make or present the audience with a final idea or the issue itself causing them to truly reflect on it. In Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice, the greedy Jew Shylock suffers the hatred and injustice which Jews were treated with. The play is able to represent the treatment of a racial minority and a significant social issue. Ibsen’s A Doll’s House, represents social issues such as the position of women in a Victorian marriage, while in Shaw’s Mrs. Warren’s Profession, the social issue of prostitution is represented. Shakespeare wrote through Hamlet, that theatre holds â€Å"the mirror up to nature† however, Martin Esslin writes that it is society, rather, that theatre holds a mirror to. Drama is able to influence society greatly by the social issues it represents. While these issues may sometimes be controversial, the impact of drama is more immediate, direct, and powerful, contributing to great social change. Propaganda is a certain form of message presentation usually aiming to persuade and convince an audience of an issue or idea. Sometimes it deliberately delivers false or deceiving information which supports the interests of those in power or those who are endeavoring to seize power while it may discredit those who abuse their power such as a corrupt government or simply an opposition group. Propaganda was commonly used in times of war or hardship. In this respect, it is able to represent social issues such as war, peace, poverty, or equality. However, propaganda’s representation of social issues is limited because it is a biased piece of information which only shows one side of an often multi-sided issue. One of the principal examples of propaganda was during the Nazi regime in Germany from 1933 to the end of World War Two. The Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda sent out powerful propaganda in order to win the hearts and minds of the masses. This propaganda represented social issues such as discrimination and hatred towards the Jews, strong patriotism, anti-Communism, and national socialism. As this Nazi propaganda was extremely biased, it fails to represent other social issues such as the violence of the Nazi regime and the â€Å"Final Solution† to the Jewish problem- their persecution and slaughter. Meanwhile, Chinese propaganda from the last two to three decades represents social issues such as loyalty to the Communist government while it fails to represent social issues like extreme poverty. The social issues it represents are limited because it is biased. In Soviet Russia, propaganda represented political discipline and economic prosperity, and social issues such as a happy working society and national literacy to strengthen Communism. It does not represent social issues such as the class divisions, religion, and social differences and inequalities. As the aim of propaganda is to persuade, only one side of an argument will be shown. Therefore, propaganda’s representation of social issues will be limited because it depends on the purpose and the creator to decide to what extent social issues may be represented. The way in which drama represents social issues may be different to that of propaganda, but drama can also be used as a form of propaganda. Drama in the form of theatre and cinema was used commonly as a propaganda tool in places like Nazi Germany, Soviet Russia, and Poland, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia in the 1960s. The German plays and movies often had issues of anti-Semitism and the rule of the Aryan race. Propaganda films such as Triumph of the Will were aimed at the population of Germans who were considered Aryans, of the issue of anti-Semitism and the enemy the Jews were, while also reinforcing the purity of the Aryan race. Another way drama has been used as propaganda has been through the ‘pageant’, one of the earliest forms of drama. The pageant is, in simplest terms, â€Å"a play on wheels†. However, in the United States in the 1900s, pageants were used to bring awareness to social issues in the form of propaganda. Silk workers went on strike in 1913 in New Jersey with the pageant exposing the strike and also gaining the attention of the media. Other strikes with similar purposes came to be known as the â€Å"Drama of Democracy†. They began to be used as political propaganda representing social issues such as work and wages, working conditions and hours. When drama is used as propaganda, its representation of social issues is limited in comparison to when it is simply drama. This is because drama and propaganda have different objectives and will represent the same thing differently.

Global Warming Causes And Effects - 880 Words

Global warming has increased significantly since the 1800s and is becoming a significant impact in our everyday lives. It is considered one of the most challenging environmental problems that exists today. Due to global warming, temperatures on Earth are rising and it’s affecting the way people live. Many people feel concerned about this issue while others could not care less. Developing countries do not understand the impact global warming has and how they should contribute to it while developed countries that contribute to global warming know that this situation is a big impact. Global warming is caused by a myriad of factors and as a result have negative effects on the people and how they live. The biggest cause of global warming is human expansion of the greenhouse effect, which is when the atmosphere traps in heat radiating from Earth towards space and as a result causes the Earth to be warm known as global warming. (Randal, Shaftel, and Tenenbaum). Global warming is caused by the emission of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, which traps in heat making the planet warmer. Before the Industrial Revolution, â€Å"manufacturing was done in people’s homes using hand tools and basic machines.† During the 18th century of the Industrial Revolution, there was an increase of factories to help with manufacturing which dramatically changed human life and lifestyle. The steam engine, iron, and textile industries played big roles in the Industrial Revolution, which improvedShow MoreRelatedGlobal Warming : Causes And Effects905 Words   |  4 Pagesindependent variables that are contributing to the cause of a problem the world is currently faced with, global warming. What is global warming? Well, global warming is a rise in the Earth s average atmospheric temperature that causes corresponding changes in climate and that may result from the greenhouse effect (which I will talk more about.) Which is when our ozone layer has a hole which gradually increases, and increases heat from the sun. This causes major problems such as the polar caps meltingRead MoreCause And Effect Of Global Warming953 Words   |  4 Pagesunderstand the cause and effect of global warming, but it can take years for scientists to reach a consensus. The claims that global warming is the next apocalypse or is just some fairy tale lack scientific proof. These claims have confused the general public, and leave many citizens’ questions unanswered. Many people are concerned about the overall decline of environmental health due to an increase in man-made greenhouse gas emissions, but experts are now clarifying the debate on global warming with hardRead MoreGlobal Warming : Cause s And Effects1369 Words   |  6 PagesGlobal Warming: Clearing up the Confusion to Become Part of the Solution Global warming, often confused with the term â€Å"climate change,† is a problem of worldly proportions that knows no limits, caused in large part by human actions. If it continues unchecked, its effects will be felt around the planet, from human society, to the environment, to the world economy. The purpose of this research paper is to understand the topic of global warming, its causes and effects, in order to help understandRead MoreGlobal Warming : Causes And Effects1325 Words   |  6 Pages Global warming is already taking place. It stopped being a prediction. The temperature at the earth’s surface has averagely increased by around 0.60 C.Both the oceans and the air are warming. It is believed that the greenhouses gases’ concentrations in the atmosphere have increased dramatically since the periods of pre-industrialization. This condition is caused by the activities of human beings most especially through the burning of fossil fuels such as natural gas, oil,Read MoreGlobal Warming : Causes And Effects973 Words   |  4 PagesGlobal warming has become a massive problem throughout the world, and as the population grows so do the effects of climate change. What people do not know is that it is the leading cause of the earth’s end and might be a minor cause of death in the far future. Global warming is one of the many things that humans have caused that has no easy fix. Professors Charles Kennel, V. Ramanathan, and David G. Victor at the University of California – San Diego say that â€Å"Greenhouse gas concentrations are trendingRead MoreGlobal Warming : Causes And Effects1206 Words   |  5 PagesGlobal warming is a naturally occurring phenomenon within our planet that needs to be reduced because it is affecting us in many harmful ways. It is one of the most current and widely discussed factors. It has been impacting us negatively in ways such as biodiversity and climate conditions. Several curr ent trends clearly demonstrate that global warming is directly impacting on rising sea levels, the melting of ice caps and significant worldwide climate changes. Over the years, scientists have conductedRead MoreGlobal Warming : Causes And Effects1453 Words   |  6 PagesGlobal Warming Introduction A slight change in temperature may not seem that bad but a small rise in global temperature can do a lot of damage. Global warming is an increase in the earth s average atmospheric temperature that causes corresponding changes in climate [11]. This report is going to discuss the many causes of global warming as well as the effects that come with it. It will also discuss ways to prevent global warming from happening. Causes of Global Warming Global warming is whatRead MoreGlobal Warming : Cause And Effect1471 Words   |  6 Pages Global warming (Cause/Effect) Jimareo Kimmons Comp I Dr. Sarthou 10/30/2015 Droughts, lengthy hot spells, heavy downpours, floods, and other extreme weather events are occurring more frequently and intensely every year. Around the world, research teams are analyzing these trends, noting the changes in temperature, rainfall, ice mass, sea level, and many other variables recorded by weather measuring devices. The trends are undeniable: the Earth is getting warmer. Polar sea iceRead MoreGlobal Warming : Causes And Effects1381 Words   |  6 PagesEarth is broken, and we all had a hand in breaking it, inadvertently though it may have been, by adding an abundance of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere that contribute directly to global warming; and we continue to do so every time we start our car, turn up the heat, turn on the lights or throw away trash. Global warming is a problem, caused in large part by human activity, and as it stands, poses a monumental threat to the planet and all of its occupants; while mega polluters do not have an incentiveRead MoreGlo bal Warming: Causes and Effects1422 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Global warming has been a very contentious issue of late in regards to environmental health and safety. Many pundits and critics alike exclaim that global warming is not as prevalent as individuals claim. One such pundit is that of George Will, whose article, Dark Green Doomsdayers indicates that global warming is simply a hoax. The statistics however prove otherwise. Global warming and its effects are far reaching. Society is affected due to higher frequency of natural disasters and drought.

Leadership - 756 Words

TEAM LEADERSHIP MODEL 2 The firm at Hernandez and Associates are faced with a challenge to adapt to changes within their organization. The problems exist in implementing new responsibilities and expanding based on the individual client’s needs. Marco Hernandez, as a leader is faced with the responsibility to implement this change. The leader’s main job is to determine the team’s needs and take care of them (Hughes, Ginnett, Curphy, 2012). Team effectiveness is the underlying driver for a successful organization. By identifying certain process problems in teams, leaders can use the Team Leadership Model to diagnose appropriate leverage points for action. Suggestion of the TLM allows leaders to focus effort†¦show more content†¦would be desirable and plus to implement reasonable measures of team effectiveness that can be applied across teams and tasks in order to ensure the outputs of team meets its standards of quality, and timeliness of the people who will use it. Mr. Hernandez can enhance the group experience even further with his current team, by developing growth and personal well-being of the individuals. This can lead better results and consistent innovative progress. The leader can directly influence other inputs to create conditions for effective teamwork (Hughes, Ginnett, Curphy, 2012). The leaders job is to create the conditions for the team to be effective. By designing or redesigning input stage variables at the individual, organizational, and team design levels. The support of the team depends on gathering resources and providing recognition. By evaluating the environment through performance indicators and determining its impact on the organization. The key to success is sharing information with the team. By modeling a range of authority behaviors in the early stages effective leaders have laid the groundwork for continuing expectations (Hughes, Ginnett, Curphy, 2012) The goals for the team in relationship to outputs need to focus on meeting the expectation and satisfaction of their clients. Mr. Hernandez needs to establish methods to make the team even more effective than it already is. It is desirable for the leader to assess the teams’ workShow MoreRelatedThe Leadership Of Leadership And Leadership842 Words   |  4 Pagesideals of leadership, I met with two respected and admired school leaders: the Assistant Principal/Dean of Curriculum, and the Athletic Director. I chose these two school leaders because I wanted to gain an understanding of leadership from two diverse perspectives. I am thankful for the opportunity to hear from two different types of leaders, who ultimately share a lot of the same visions for my school and for leadership in general. While both subjects shared a similar definition of leadership, theirRead MoreLeadership And Leadership Of Leadership1711 Words   |  7 Pages7. Facilitative Leadership Facilitative leadership is dependent on quantities and outcomes – not a skill, though it takes much skill to master. The efficiency of a group is directly related to the effectiveness of its process. If the group is high operational, the facilitative leader uses a light hand on the procedure. 8. Laissez-faire Leadership Laissez-faire leadership gives expert to workers. According to AZ central, sections or subordinates are acceptable to work as they choose with nominal.Read MoreLeadership : Leadership And Leadership1605 Words   |  7 PagesLeadership Examined There have been many great leaders down through history. Leaders that have influenced change throughout many aspects of society. Great leaders have great influence. The effectiveness of a leader is determined by his leadership style. With so many styles to choose from, and the fact that not one style fits all situations, becoming an effective leader is a challenging task. One reflective note is that it is important to cultivate good leadership skills. One must evaluate personalRead MoreLeadership : Leadership And Leadership1225 Words   |  5 Pages with their team. Leadership is â€Å"the behavior of an individual . . . directing the activities of a group toward a shared goal† (Hemphill Coons, (1957). p. 7). †¢ Leadership is â€Å"the influential increment over and above mechanical compliance with the routine directives of the organization† (Katz Kahn, (1978). p. 528). †¢ Leadership is â€Å"the process of influencing the activities of an organized group toward goal achievement† (Rauch Behling, (1984). p. 46). †¢ â€Å"Leadership is about articulatingRead MoreLeadership : Leadership And Leadership1476 Words   |  6 PagesLeadership Effectiveness There are many different approaches to leadership, which can be dependent upon the task at hand. Some leaders are authoritative, making all the decisions for group members and allowing no space for error or input. There are those who may opt to take the President Obama approach with a more democratic leadership role, inviting the ideas of others and encouraging open communication and staff participation. Then there are the servant leaders whom are largely respected and followedRead MoreLeadership And Leadership Theory Of Leadership1341 Words   |  6 PagesLeadership Application Jesus Cabral Brandman University The author of this paper has been in various leadership positions for over 20 years. Some positions held by the author have been team leader, Operations Manager, General Manager, and Director of Operations. The author has lead teams with various degrees of education and from many cultures. The leadership theories studied during OLCU 400 will assist this leader though experienced to become much more effective and focus on thoseRead MoreLeadership, Leadership And Leadership Development915 Words   |  4 Pagestake a leadership role in any activity. They are more valued by followers and have higher performing teams. (Cherry 2014) However, leaders are the ones that use their leadership skills to make a difference in this world, such as presidents, teachers, or even college graduates. Leadership is not something you can learn from a book, but you have to gain this skill through experiences such as holding an office, organizing an event, speaking in front of people, or participating in a leadership programRead MoreLeadership Theories Of Leadership And Leadership Essay771 Words   |  4 PagesLeadership is important because it helps followers reach a common goal. There have been several studies based on effective leadership. The definition of leadership has evolved over the years adapting to the different views of the world. Leaders have influence on their followers they are looked up to. Being a leader means there will be interaction with different behaviors and personalities. Effective leaders sometimes have to adjust their style approach by the situation they are in. Every followersRead MoreTransformational Leadership : Leadership And Leadership887 Words   |  4 PagesThe idea of leadership has transformed throughout the years to encompass varying aspects of leadership approaches, leadership types and the like. According to Summerfield (2014), C. F. Rauch and O. Behling, quote leadership as: Leadership is the process of influencing the activities of an organized group toward goal achievement. Given its broad definition, leadership is understood to have different meanings when applied to diverse situations. For example, there are different types of approaches toRead MoreOrganizational Leadership : Leadership And Leadership1568 Words   |  7 PagesConceptualizing Leadership Leadership is different in the eyes of each and every individual. What one person considers great leadership may be viewed by another as too demanding. Ultimately, time, place, situation, and people involved are considered some of the view variables for which type of leadership will be most effective. Through taking the Gallup Strengths Finder survey, I have been able to cement some of my top strengths and see how they come into play in my daily life. Learning about strengths

Mexican Icons and Heores - 970 Words

The subject of the website entitled The Films of El Santo is El Santo. Numerous years after his death, El Santo is still an icon of Mexican popular culture. Even though the comic book that originally facilitated him to gain an enormous celebrity status is long gone, his films are still available on tape, DVD, and on the internet. El Santo was born Rodolfo Guzman Huerta in 1917. Huerta would go on to be the most celebrated wrestler in lucha libre. Santo is featured in 54 films, and in these B grade movies, Santo would be called upon to dispatch such supernatural threats as Dracula and Frankenstein. The websites purpose is to illustrate how the films of El Santo were influenced by the growth and stability and after 1950. El Santo and his wrestling assisted rural migrants to urban Mexico City by showing them how to handle modernization and gave Mexicans a representation of the ideal modern, Mexican man. El Santo is presented as a character that the audience never sees in his films witho ut his silver colored mask. Whats more, in several films, El Santo is even see sleeping in it. He is super in the eyes of his Mexican audience but apart from the qualities of a victor wrestler, he has no scientific or supernatural powers. For his audience, he is the same figure whether in the bizarre world of the films or in the wrestling ring—a character who lives in dual worlds, and never without his silver mask. Nonetheless, the wrestling abilities he brings to the films permits him to

Law of Tata Showroom Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Contract Law of Tata Showroom. Answer: Issue According to the case study Tata showroom husband arises whether Isabella can take any legal action against her sister for not providing the appropriate service according to their contract and able to claim the compensation for the reach of the contract? Rules The postal rule is one of the important terms under the contract law. According o the terms of the contract the postal rule also consist of equal terms which includes the offer and acceptance, consideration, capacity, intention and certainty which must formed between two or more than two parties. The basic medium of the postal rule is the contract should form through email or phone or letter. It must have a legal intention to create a valid contract under the specific mutual terms. Adam v Lindsell [1818] is one of the historical cases of postal rule under thecontract law where the terms of the contract has been applied for the first time by the federal government. The court has identified the issues where they found the facts that a contract has been introduced between two parties through a mail. The both of the parties has been found to follow all the elements of contract which consists of the offer and acceptance, consideration, capacity, intention and certainty. However later the plaintiff has filled a case against the defendant for breach the terms of the contract and applies for the compensation for the loss he has suffered. Tallerman Co Pty Ltd v Nathan's Merchandise (1957) is another famous case where the fact has been found that a contract has been formed according to the terms of postal rule. However, the court has added the statement where it has found that the contract has failed to satisfy the terms of contract for not accept the offer. In the case of Brinkibon v Stahag Stahl und Stahlwarenhandelsgessellschaft mbH House of Lords [1983] the contract has failed to satisfy the terms of postal rules and it breached the contract by the defendant. Bressan v Squires Supreme Court of New South Wales [1974] is another case which significance the terms of the postal rule under the contractlaw where contract has been placed through an email between the parties but it again failed satisfies the terms. The Entores Ltd v Miles Far East Corpn (1955) and Holwell securities Ltd v Hughes (1974) other two case of postal rules where the contract has been formed according to the terms of postal rule which includes the offer and acceptance, consideration, capacity, intention and certainty. Application According to the fact of case Isabella loves to collect film and television memorabilia and she planned for a holiday in United Kingdom, Italy, London and Rome. Therefore she contact with UberTour Pty Ltd which is a travel agency and runs by her sister Siena. Siena has sent her an email about the details of the tour, charges and to contact in between a particular time with the acknowledgement. Isabella sent a reply to her sister Siena on the next day within the time which has mentioned in the previous mail. However due to negligence of Siena for not paying the overdue account of email service, the service provider as disconnect the connection which caused that she did not get the mail within the time. Therefore Isabellas trip has been canceled. Now according to the terms of the postal rule the contract has been formed though an email between Isabella and Siena. It also satisfied the terms of the contract which includes the offer and acceptance, consideration, capacity, intention and certainty. Therefore a valid contract has been formed when Siena sent the email to Isabella with the offer of the tour packages and the next day when Isabella replied to her within the time with the acceptance of the offer. An offer and acceptance has found, they have mutual consideration, both of them have an intention to create a legal contract, both of them are sound mind along with their capacity and certainty where there is a particular of time period. Therefore a valid contract has been formed between Isabella and Siena. According to the terms of the postal rule the effectiveness of the contract has applicable when the acceptance has been communicated through a mode of communication. Therefore it is defining the basic rule of the agreement for the communication of acceptance is received. When a letter has been post therefore an offer has been given and reply to the letter to the offer make the acceptance of the offers Conclusion Therefore according to the cases study, Siena has breached the terms of the postal rule and Isabella is bound to claim the damages from her. References Adam v Lindsell [1818] B Ald 681 Bressan v Squires Supreme Court of New South Wales [1974] 2 NSWLR 460 Brinkibon v Stahag Stahl und Stahlwarenhandelsgessellschaft mbH House of Lords [1983] 2 AC 34 Entores Ltd v Miles Far East Corpn (1955) Holwell securities Ltd v Hughes (1974) Tallerman Co Pty Ltd v Nathan's Merchandise (1957) 98 CLR 93, 111-112

Financial Reporting of Australian Agricultural Company Limited

Question: Discuss about the Financial Accounting Principles and Analysis Performance. Answer: 1. Although the statement of financial performance is a record of past achievement, the calculations required for certain expenses involve estimates of the future. What is meant by this statement? Can you think of examples where estimates of the future are used? In the words of Afonso and Sousa (2012), the financial statements of the current year of a particular company reflects the working process and expenses beard by it along with the amount of profit earned of the previous year. It also contains some estimates belonging to the future. In the words of Beatty and Liao (2014), the following estimates of the future are considerably the assets and liabilities that are included in the financial performance of the past achievements being a part of the future estimates. However, the companies have to adhere to the International Financial Reporting Standards to regulate the involvement of the future estimates in the financial statements of the past or current year. The assets and liabilities that are included in the present financial statements and are a part of the future estimation. The different assets and liabilities are connected with the different aspects of the future estimates. As observed by Board (2015), it has also been witnessed that the past transactions give rise to flow of the economic benefits of the future leading to an inflow and outflow for the same. The inclusions of the expenses associated being a part of the present financial statement of the company is not a new concept. As stated by Altman et al. (2013), in a virtual manner it has been observed that the amounts of the financial statements of today require the future estimates of the same. The amount of loan receivables reflects the amount that the bank is expected to receive back from the borrowers. According to Christensen and Nikolaev (2013), the amount of loan is determined as per the amount promised and is adjusted in accordance with the moneys time value in the futu re years. The estimated of the allocation of the loan amount along the future years in determined on the basis of facts and circumstances of the current year. The future estimates that are considered in the past and current records of the company may precisely be the various reserves and provisions made by the company in context of the future contingencies and to bear the future uncertain losses. These are namely provision for bad debts and provision for depreciation. The amount of bad debts refers to the amount that has been estimated to arise from the receivable accounts that have not been collected but are issued by the company. The provision for bad debts follows the accrual basis of accounting. The purpose of making a provision for bad debts is to channelize the impact of bad debts in the early reporting periods. On the other hand, the provision for depreciation consists of the collected value of the depreciation of all the assets of the company. This facilitates the company in realizing the value of the asset in the current year. in the words of Radebaugh (2014), as and when the company decides to sell off the assets then the total amount of depreciation is deducted from the cost of the asset the residual is then further deducted from the sale value of the asset. In this way a company can ascertain whether the sale assets has made a loss or earned profit for the company. 2: To, The Proprietor, Pat Stewart, Business name, Date: Dear Mr. Pat, Subject: Response to accounting related concern I have come to know about your concern over the difference existing between financial performance as reflected in the cash flow statement and the profit or loss account. Please find my response to the same below: Please note that the financial performance indicated by the cash flow statement of your company does not match with the profits level shown by the profit or loss account, which is quite obvious. The reason being the different accounting approach followed in case of preparing the two financial statements. Cash flow statement is prepared under cash basis of accounting whereas profit or loss account is prepared under the accrual basis of accounting. This difference in the application of accounting approach causes difference between the results revealed by cash flow statement and profit or loss account. You also need to understand that cash and profits are different from each other, both are not same at all. Cash is the amount of money that the business have at any particular time to meet business expenses. On the contrary, profit represent the excess of revenues over expenditures in a business. In other words, profit indicates the amount of money that a business is making from the capital investments. Here, it is important to note that profit is recorded in the books when a sale is made whereas cash flow is recorded actually when the cash is received from the concerned customer. Cash flow statement is prepared under cash basis of accounting and thus it records the outflow and inflow of cash as and when the same takes place in the business. On the contrary, profit or loss account which is prepared under the accrual basis of accounting considers the total revenue and expenses that accrue during a particular accounting period in the business, irrespective of actual cash flow regarding the accounting items. Difference between the two can be easily demonstrated through an easy example. For instance, a business pays $1000 as rent per month to the landlord however for the last two months rent has not been paid and thus due. In such a case, the actual cash flow during the 12 months period was $1000 * 10 = $10,000 and this amount would be shown in the cash flow statement. On the contrary, in case of profit or loss account, entire rent for the year of $1000 * 12 = $ 12,000 would be shown as an expense with 2 months rent of $2,000 as an outstanding expense. This makes the cash balance higher whereas profit amount gets lowered due to such transactions. To sum up, under cash basis of accounting, revenues are recorded in the financial statements when these are actually received and expenses are recorded when the same is paid from business cash. On the other hand, under accrual basis of accounting, revenues are recorded at the time when the same is earned and expenses are recorded when the same gets accrue. I firmly believe that the above explanations would surely clear your doubts relating to the matter. Yours sincerely, Name 3 Critically examine the following statements about depreciation. Depreciation is a valuation adjustment. According to Misopoulos et al. (2014), the term depreciation refers to the amount attained on the deterioration in the valuation of the fixed assets along a specified time period. It is the method by which the company allocates the cost of various tangible fixed assets along its useful life. The depreciation of these stated assets do not involve a flow of cash and allows writing off the assets value over time. According to Braun et al. (2015), the depreciation expense shows the amount of the value of the asset that has been used over the years. Therefore it can be said that the amount of depreciation charged is the valuation of adjustment of the assets account. The deprivation that occurs in the assets of the company for a particular year is not directly deducted from the value of the assets in the assets account. As observed by Fenna (2013), a separate account for charging the amount of depreciation is prepared by the company wherein the rate of depreciation according to the decisio n of the company is charged upon and deducted from the accumulated amount. According to Ryan (2012), the residual value left upon after charging depreciation for the given years is the actual price of depreciated asset in that particular year. The following can be explained by an example wherein a company purchases machinery for a value of 1 lakh rupees. As stated by Lovell (2014), the company may choose to write the entire cost of the assets in one year or it may choose to write the value of the asset over its expected term of life that is 10 years. The portion of the cost of the assets that is being depreciated each year is treated in the form of depreciation expense on the companys income statement. This shows the way in which the value of the asset is adjusted every year. In short, as said by Matherly and Burney (2013), the company transfers a portion of the cost of the assets from the balance sheet of the company to the income statement of the same during each particular year of the life of the assets. There is no point in depreciating buildings because their value increases. In this regard it may be stated that the value of the buildings do not increase over time, the land on whom the building has been constructed increases in value. In the words of Gregory and Smith (2016), the concept of depreciation is not applicable on the fixed assets such as land because the value of the same increases over time. According to Caria and Rodrigues (2014), as the land is a limited resource therefore the value of it does not decreases and remains at a higher value. On the other hand, the buildings undergo depreciation on account of innovation and reconstruction of the same. In the words of Watts and Zuo (2016), the materials that had been used for the construction of the buildings had a certain cost and are not a limited resource therefore the buildings are a depreciable asset. Further, the buildings that are used for the purpose of office uses and production purposes as well as warehousing require to be depreciated to ascertain the financial statements of the company. 4 . Why would a business choose to make the following entity structure changes? (a) From a proprietorship or partnership to a private company. A business entity engaged in a partnership form of business has to deal with a lot of disadvantages such as disagreement between the partners, bearing of risks and liability, heavy taxation etc. In a partnership form of business the partners may not agree on all matters in context of the firm. This causes a conflict between the partners and as a result hampers the productivity of the business. Furthermore, the partners of the partnership business firm are subjected to unlimited liability. According to Collins et al. (2012), this puts the partners in an unstable situation in case the firm incurs a loss the expenses in this regard have to be borne by the partners. They may also require using their personal properties and assets to rectify the expenses on account of the loss incurred. On the other hand in a private limited company, as stated by Armstrong et al. (2016), the liabilities of the shareholder are limited and this is considered to be the most important advantage of a public company. In case of any loss in the company, the shareholders do not require to give up their personal assets to meet the expenses of the losses. The public limited companies in a way protect the wealth of the shareholders and do not compel the shareholders to put their resources at risk. In addition to the above, the decision making in a private limited company is conducted on the basis of majority votes. The voting system is undertaken to make an effective decision. According to Tawiah and Benjamin (2015), this eradicates the chances of disagreement of the shareholders regarding a specific decision and therefore the chances of conflict in between the shareholders are minimal in a private limited company. As the advantages of a private company are more beneficial than a partnership form of business therefore a business entity might consider changing the business structure from a partnership form of business to a private company. (b) From a public company to a private company. The setting up of a public company requires a lot of investment and time and is also difficult to set up. The business is also not commenced from the date of the companys incorporation. The business secrets of a public company are difficult to maintain as the annual accounts of the same are published. The decisions in a public company regarding the business and other areas are often delayed leading to loss in business. In the words of Herndon et al. (2014), the separation of the ownership from the management of a public company reduces the efficiency of the company. There is also a possibility of clash between the management department and the shareholders of the company. On the other hand, the workings of a private company are undertaken by the shareholders of the company. All the decisions in context of the business of the company are undertaken by the shareholders without any interference of the government regulation and policies as is the case of a public company. In addition to this, as opinionated by Pashang et al. (2014), the chain of communication between the shareholders and the employees are of advanced level ensuring a good flow of exchange of ideas and problems. This in turn ensures that the conflict in between the management and the owners are kept to the minimal. As the advantages of a private company are more than a public company hence a business enterprise may consider the following structural changes in the business entity. 5. As a first-year accounting student, Irene is confused. She thought she was learning that accrual accounting provided more useful information about the financial performance and position of an organization than the statement of cash flows. The statement of cash flows is a step in the wrong direction in her opinion. Help Irene with her dilemma. In context of the above question as opinioned by Biddle (2015), the preparation of cash flow is based on cash basis of accounting whereas the preparation of the income statement follows the accrual basis of accounting. In the cash basis of accounting the revenues are being recognized when they are actual received by the company and not merely earned. Similarly, the expenses of the company are also releasized only when they are paid for in actual by the company. The preliminary nature of expenses is not considered in the cash basis of accounting. Furthermore, the income or revenue received in advance is also not taken into considered. In the words of Oulasvirta (2014), the cash flow follows the accounting basis of cash and therefore includes only the revenues and expenses that have also been received and paid by the company. On the other hand, the accrual basis of accounting the revenues and expenses are realized at the time when they are earned. For example, the accounting services made by an accountant in the month of December garnered a sum of 10,000. However, the actual amount will be receivable in the month of January. Here, the revenue earned will be treated in the month of December and not in the month of January. This constitutes of the accrual basis of accounting. The income statement of a company is prepared on the accrual basis of accounting. This signifies that the income statement of a company consists of the revenue that has been earned by the company but may not have been received by the same. Similarly, the expenses stated in the income statement may be future contingencies that have at present not been incurred. In a similar way if the utilities used up by the company will be mentioned in the bill of January that was used in the month of December. Now if the cash basis of accounting is followed then the bill be paid and written in the month of December whereas if the accrual basis of accounting is prepared then the following will be treated in the month of January. In the words of Wang et al. (2016), as the cash flow and income statement of a company is prepared on the basis of two different accounting approach therefore there is a subsequent possibility that the cash flow may display an increment in cash whereas the income statement I displaying a loss for the company. Similarly, the cash flow may show a decrease in the amount of cash whereas on the contrary the income statement is showing a profit for the company. Such differences are beneficial for the company a it provides the necessary help required in the better understanding of the areas in which the company requires to make changes so as to earn more profit. Furthermore, the income statement of accompany that follows the accrual basis of accounting reflects the revenue earned by the company and the cash flow of a company that follows the cash basis of accounting shows the actual flow of cash in context of the revenue earned. 6. An accountant prepared a statement of financial position for a business using the horizontal layout. In this statement, the capital of the owner was shown next to the liabilities. This confused the owner, who argued: My capital is my major asset and so should be shown as an asset on the statement of financial position. How would you explain this misunderstanding to the owner? The balance sheet of a company displays the capital, assets and liabilities of the same at the end of each financial year. The owner of a company invests the personal assets in the company in the form of capital in order to earn a subsequent return upon the amount of money invested. Here, the owners capital is treated in the form of an investment and not as an asset. The investments made for the business proceedings of the company form a part of liability for the business. In this context, the owner of the capital has to understand that the amount that is an asset for him becomes a liability for the business. The business is treated as a completely separate entity from the owner. In case the company suffers a loss then in that case the liabilities of the business do not form a part of the owners personal liability. The business entity is a separate entity from the owner. The business is not registered with the name of the owner but by the name of the company. As far as capital is concerned, it is shown of the liability side of the balance sheet. The term capital can widely be explained as the amount of capital employed by the company in context of the assets owned by the company. As said by Corsetti et al. (2013), the assets of the company are a sum total of the fixed assets as well as the working capital. Here, it must be noted that the employed capital of a company are shown on the assets side of the companys balance sheet. On the other hand the sources of fund equal in amount to the capital employed are shown on the liability side of the companys balance sheet. The balance of the sources of fund might also involve the loan taken for the purpose of the business as well as the provisions created to meet the expected loss or expense that is yet not mentioned in the companys balance sheet. The confusion of the owner regarding the treatment of capital as a liability for the company and not as an asset can be eradicated only if the business is treated to be a separate entity from its owner. For the purpose of conducting a business sufficient amount of fund is required. The sources of fund may be the owners personal fund or it may be borrowed fund. The business receives both the funds for conducting the business. Here, it may be seen that the owner is also investing the personal capital into the business and therefore the capital becomes a liability for the business and not for the owner. If so ever the company is closed or sold off at the assets book value than the after the liabilities of the company has been meet the money that is left will be returned to the owner. Therefore, the fund provided by the owner for the business purpose id treated as liability and not as asset for the company. Reference List: Afonso, A. and Sousa, R.M., 2012. The macroeconomic effects of fiscal policy.Applied Economics,44(34), pp.4439-4454. Altman, E.I., Giannozzi, A., Roggi, O. and Sabato, G., 2013. Building Sme rating: is it necessary for lenders to monitor financial statements of the borrowers?.BANCARIA,10, pp.54-71. Armstrong, C., Guay, W.R., Mehran, H. and Weber, J., 2016. The role of financial reporting and transparency in corporate governance.Economic Policy Review, Issue Aug, pp.107-128. Beatty, A. and Liao, S., 2014. Financial accounting in the banking industry: A review of the empirical literature.Journal of Accounting and Economics,58(2), pp.339-383. Biddle, G.C., 2015. The Role of Financial Statements in Reporting Financial Performance. InAccounting Finance/IASB Research Forum. Board, A.P., 2015. Tetranormalization and the Accounting Standard-Setting Process.Organizational Change and Global Standardization: Solutions to Standards and Norms Overwhelming Organizations, p.69. Braun, G.P., Haynes, C.M., Lewis, T.D. and Taylor, M.H., 2015. Principles-based vs. rules-based accounting standards: The effects of auditee proposed accounting treatment and regulatory enforcement on auditor judgments and confidence.Research in Accounting Regulation,27(1), pp.45-50. Caria, A.A. and Rodrigues, L.L., 2014. The evolution of financial accounting in Portugal since the 1960s: A new institutional economics perspective.Accounting History,19(1-2), pp.227-254. Christensen, H.B. and Nikolaev, V.V., 2013. Does fair value accounting for non-financial assets pass the market test?.Review of Accounting Studies,18(3), pp.734-775. Collins, D.L., Pasewark, W.R. and Riley, M.E., 2012. Financial reporting outcomes under rules-based and principles-based accounting standards.Accounting Horizons,26(4), pp.681-705. Corsetti, G., Kuester, K., Meier, A. and Mller, G.J., 2013. Sovereign risk, fiscal policy, and macroeconomic stability.The Economic Journal,123(566), pp.F99-F132. Fenna, A., 2013. The economic policy agenda in Australia, 19622012.Australian Journal of Public Administration,72(2), pp.89-102. Gregory, R.G. and Smith, R.E., 2016. 15 Unemployment, Inflation and Job Creation Policies in Australia.Inflation and Unemployment: Theory, Experience and Policy Making, p.325. Herndon, T., Ash, M. and Pollin, R., 2014. Does high public debt consistently stifle economic growth? A critique of Reinhart and Rogoff.Cambridge journal of economics,38(2), pp.257-279 Lovell, H., 2014. Climate change, markets and standards: the case of financial accounting.Economy and Society,43(2), pp.260-284. Matherly, M. and Burney, L.L., 2013. Active learning activities to revitalize managerial accounting principles.Issues in Accounting Education,28(3), pp.653-680. Misopoulos, F., Mitic, M., Kapoulas, A. and Karapiperis, C., 2014. Uncovering customer service experiences with Twitter: the case of airline industry.Management Decision,52(4), pp.705-723 Oulasvirta, L.O., 2014. Governmental financial accounting and European harmonisation: Case study of Finland.Accounting, Economics and Law,4(3), pp.237-263. Pashang, H., sterlund, U. and Johansson, K., 2014. Cost accounting, ethical accountability, and accounting principles.Journal of Modern Accounting and Auditing,10(1), p.20. Radebaugh, L.H., 2014. Environmental factors influencing the development of accounting objectives, standards and practices in Peru.The international Journal of Accounting Education and Research. Urbana,11(1), pp.39-56. Ryan, S.G., 2012. Financial reporting for financial instruments.Foundations and Trends (R) in Accounting,6(34), pp.187-354. Tawiah, V.K. and Benjamin, M., 2015. Conservatism analysis on Indian Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) and International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS).International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development,2(5). Wang, J., Bonilla, D. and Banister, D., 2016. Air deregulation in China and its impact on airline competition 19942012.Journal of Transport Geography,50, pp.12-23. Watts, R.L. and Zuo, L., 2016. Understanding Practice and Institutions: A Historical Perspective.Accounting Horizons,30(3), pp.409-423. Financial Reporting of Australian Agricultural Company Limited Question: Discuss about a Case Study for Financial Reporting Disclosures in the Australian Corporate Sectora case of Australian Agricultural Company Limited (AACL)? Answer: Introduction The financial report of the companies are liable to disclose the followed accounting policies in a financial year. It is necessary to disclose the policies as well as the sources of estimation of the various particulars of accrual statements in the financial reports for the understanding of the users of those reports. In this context, the main criteria of this report is to provide the conceptual framework of the users of the financial reports. The report of Australian Agricultural Company Limited is being assessed here to evaluate the requirements of the sources of estimation in accounting treatment. Further, the report has emphasized on the current practice of the company evaluating the difference between the accounting standards and current practice. The usefulness of the current disclosure is also discussed in this report. User of financial reports The main users of the financial report is the investors and the analysts. The authority is also another party to assess the financial legitimacy of the data provided by Australian Agricultural Company Limited. In this regard, the employees are also accountable to use the report in suitable places. The investors and the on behalf of them, the analysts also use the annual reports of the company to evaluate the financial performance of the company from time to time. The creditors and the lenders in the market have direct business relationship with Australian Agricultural Company Limited for dong business (Charteredaccountants.com.au, 2015). Therefore, it is their business interest that makes them to check the financial report of the company to analyse the feasibility of doing business with it future. The employees are the only users of the report who deliver the input as well as take reference from the outputs. Australian stock exchange is another private party that use the report of Au stralian Agricultural Company Limited. The following figure explains the framework of the users of the financial report: Figure 1: Framework of users of financial report of Australian Agricultural Company Limited (Source: aaco.com.au, 2016) Requirements for disclosures of accounting policies in Australian Agricultural Company Limited Financial disclosures on assets, liabilities and income statement are very important as they provide the important insights on the accrual basis of accounting. Therefore, the statement is not presented on current cash transaction basis rather recognize the economic changes in the business. Hereby, the investors and other users need to know the basis of the accrual presentation of the accounts as well as the current value of the assets and liabilities. In this context, the future expense and the liabilities of the company can be understood by fair value of measurement of the liabilities and the assets (AASB 13) (Davies Green, 2013). The employee benefits had to be presented in future value as per the AASB 119. The disclosures related to the changes in the accounting treatment from time to time are also necessary for defining the instrument of financial measurement (AASB 9) (ey.com, 2014). The companies have to provide the disclosure related to the investments made in the other entiti es so that shareholders may know the movement of the funds. AASB 136 is mandatory for providing information on recoverable assets from the non-financial assets (ifrs.org, 2014). It is seen that the companies have to make many disclosures while presenting the annual financial report to make the convincing way of presentation to the users of the annual reports. The financial expenses related to the future expenses for the annual benefits of the employees are the accrual liability of the companies, which are necessary to be explained as the deferred liability for the business. This liability is a long-term liability for the companies, as they need to meet their capacity of paying the liabilities. The accounting policies of the report have to be presented for understanding the criteria fulfilled by the company while providing the accounts. According to Brochet, Jagolinzer and Riedl (2013), the disclosure from the management for accounting statement and the policies are very important as it shows the accountability of the management. In this context, the main requirement is to disclose the future transaction of the agricultural derivatives of the business so that trading risk of the future can be understood. The main changes in the position of the risk hedging in sourcing the materials are important to be disclosed as it may provide the investors and other users like creditors an idea of risk assessment of the company (Mobile.deloitte.wsj.com, 2016). Ball, Jayaraman and Shivakumar (2012) saw that companies must provide the significant movement in the accounting policies for every reporting year for convincing presentation towards the users. Current accounting practice regarding accounting disclosures and accounting standard requirement of Australian Agricultural Company Limited Australian Agricultural Company Limited had disclosed many accounting policies in line with the accounting standards in its financial report of 2014. From the financial report of the company, we could see that AASB 2011-9 amendments are maintained to present the comprehensive income of the financial year. The requirement of the consolidated financial statements has been presented in the annual report (AASB 10). The report consisted of details of the joint arrangements made by the company using some other vehicles. AACL had disclosed the interests in other entities where the direct business of the company was not associated with its core operation during the reporting period. It had followed the AASB 12 as per the mandated rules of the report presentation. The fair value measurement of the assets and the liabilities had been presented in the report of FY2014 (AASB 13) (Pta.wa.gov.au, 2015). The employee benefits of the period was been disclosed in the report as per the mandated rules due to accounting standard of AASB 119. The disclosed items like improvement in the financial as well as operational related financial matters have been disclosed in the accounting presentation of Australian Agricultural Company Limited in FY2014. The amendments towards disclosing the offsetting financial assets and liabilities from the final accounts and transferring the same in the equity were being provided with the report in FY2014. The company had provided the information and related inclusions of data for withdrawing from the old interpretation method of 1039 to resolve the issue of amendment in AASB 1048. The transition period of the guided principles of the accounting standards were disclosed as per the AASB 2012-10. Foreign currency translation, receivables, payables, inventories and derivatives of the agricultural products were been disclosed in the annual report of FY2014. The recognition system of property, plant and equipment with impaired value were being disclosed in the report(Thecorporatecounsel.net, 2015). Potential gap between the current accounting practice and disclosing standard There were some of the gaps in the reported financial presentation found as per the Australian accounting standards. The main gap was the financial instruments, which was not disclosed in the financial report (AASB 9). The company had not reported the responsibilities of the key personnel in governing the entire business process as per the recommendations of AASB 2011-4 (Hribar, Kravet Wilson, 2014). Usefulness of current disclosure of Australian Agricultural Company LimitedFor the users of the financial reports The present report was still useful in delivering the important information regarding the companys performance. The investors and the creditors of the company could make important decision while investing or lending money. The recognition of the operating as well as the financial income has provided the insights on fair value of both types of the assets (Ormiston Fraser, 2013). In this context, the equity control on other entities has been understood from the disclosure made for interest in other entities. The employee benefits and the deferred liabilities towards paying the employees after their retirement were provided with the report. The analysts and the users of the report could analyse the provision for the future liabilities from the long-term responsibilities of the company whereas the income or expense from the joint arrangements of AACL could be seen too. The users of the report could find the consolidated statement and might make the separate analysis to compare the perfo rmance of the two different entities and find the profitable investment region for them (Lusardi Mitchell, 2013). The equity holding in other entities as well as minority interest in some companies (may be termed as subsidiary) could be analysed from the disclosure of other interest. It expressed the opportunities for Australian Agricultural Company Limited in different portfolio of business. Conclusion The report had shown the final touch for the users. It was seenthat Australian Agricultural Company Limited had already amended many of the accounting standards in disclosing the policy of the accounts at the time of presenting the accounting report in FY2014. However, many of the gaps were found from the annual report of the company, which must be fulfilled by the management in future. The management of the Australian Agricultural Company Limited had aimed to use financial instrument in presenting the financial report in future for better interpretation of the accounts. References aaco.com.au,. (2016).Annual Report. Retrieved 5 January 2016, from https://www.aaco.com.au/media/.../2014-15_aaco_fy14_annual_report.pdf Charteredaccountants.com.au,. (2015).AASB 101 Presentation of Financial Statements. Retrieved 5 January 2016, from https://www.charteredaccountants.com.au/Industry-Topics/Reporting/Australian-accounting-standards/Analysis-of-AASB-standards/AASB-101--Presentation-of-financial-statements ey.com,. (2014).Improving disclosure effectiveness. Retrieved 5 January 2016, from https://www.ey.com/...Improving_disclosure_effectiveness/.../Applying-DisclEf.. Hribar, P., Kravet, T., Wilson, R. (2014). A new measure of accounting quality.Review of Accounting Studies,19(1), 506-538. Ormiston, A., Fraser, L. M. (2013).Understanding financial statements. Pearson Education. Lusardi, A., Mitchell, O. S. (2013).The economic importance of financial literacy: Theory and evidence(No. w18952). National Bureau of Economic Research. Ball, R., Jayaraman, S., Shivakumar, L. (2012). Audited financial reporting and voluntary disclosure as complements: A test of the confirmation hypothesis.Journal of Accounting and Economics,53(1), 136-166. Brochet, F., Jagolinzer, A. D., Riedl, E. J. (2013). Mandatory IFRS adoption and financial statement comparability.Contemporary Accounting Research,30(4), 1373-1400. Davies, H., Green, D. (2013).Global Financial Regulation: The Essential Guide (Now with a Revised Introduction). John Wiley Sons. ifrs.org,. (2014).IASB makes progress on improving the effectiveness of disclosure in financial reporting. Retrieved 5 January 2016, from https://www.ifrs.org Alerts Publications Mobile.deloitte.wsj.com,. (2016).The road to effective disclosure. Retrieved 5 January 2016, from https://mobile.deloitte.wsj.com/cfo/2014/09/05/the-road-to-effective-disclosures/ Pta.wa.gov.au,. (2015).Summary of significant accounting policies. Retrieved 5 January 2016, from https://www.pta.wa.gov.au/portals/0/annualreports/2014/content/financials/notes/2-summary-of-significant-accounting-policies.asp Thecorporatecounsel.net,. (2015).Study: Companies Voluntarily Enhancing Disclosure Effectiveness : TheCorporateCounsel.net Blog. Retrieved 5 January 2016, from https://www.thecorporatecounsel.net/blog/2015/12/study-companies-voluntarily-enhancing-disclosure-effectiveness.html